1. Where in Thailand offers the cheapest accommodation for backpackers?

Some popular places in Thailand that offer cheap accommodation for backpackers are:

1. Khao San Road in Bangkok
2. Old Town in Chiang Mai
3. Banglamphu area in Bangkok
4. Pai in Mae Hong Son province
5. Ao Nang in Krabi
6. Koh Tao Island
7. Jomtien Beach in Pattaya
8. Hat Yai City in Songkhla province
9. Phuket Town
10. Surat Thani city

It is important to research and compare prices before booking, as rates may vary depending on the season and availability of rooms.

2. What is the most budget-friendly way to visit Thailand for a beginner backpacker to visit?

The most budget-friendly way for a beginner backpacker to visit Thailand would be to book a flight during the low season (May-October), as flights and accommodations tend to be cheaper during this time. In terms of accommodations, staying in hostels or guesthouses and using shared transportation options such as buses or trains can also help cut costs. It is also possible to save money by eating at local street food vendors instead of restaurants, and by avoiding touristy areas. Doing some research on budget-friendly activities and destinations beforehand can also help save money while still getting the full experience of Thailand.

3. How much money do I need to budget for a backpacking trip in Thailand?

The amount of money needed for a backpacking trip in Thailand can vary depending on your travel style and itinerary. However, as a rough estimate, here are the average costs for basic necessities:

1. Accommodation: Budget hostels or guesthouses can cost around $5-10 USD per night in popular tourist areas. Private rooms in budget hotels may cost around $15-25 USD per night.

2. Food: Street food and local restaurants are the most affordable options, with meals costing around $1-3 USD per dish. Western and upscale restaurants will be more expensive, with prices ranging from $5-20 USD per meal.

3. Transportation: The cost of transportation in Thailand is relatively cheap, with buses or trains costing between $1-10 USD for short trips and flights within the country starting at around $20 USD.

4. Activities/attractions: Many temples and cultural sites in Thailand have an entrance fee ranging from $1-10 USD. Popular activities such as island hopping tours or cooking classes may cost between $20-50 USD.

Overall, a budget of $30-50 USD per day should cover accommodation, food, transportation, and basic activities. However, if you plan to stay in more luxurious accommodations or participate in costly activities, you may need to budget more.

Additionally, it’s important to have extra money set aside for unforeseen expenses or emergencies. It’s always better to err on the side of caution and budget a little more than you think you’ll need.

4. What are the must-see sights and activities in Thailand that won’t break the bank?

– Visit the Grand Palace in Bangkok
– Take a boat ride along the Chao Phraya River
– Experience the bustling street markets, such as Chatuchak Weekend Market or Night Bazaar in Chiang Mai
– Explore ancient temples, such as Wat Pho or Wat Arun
– Go trekking or visit waterfalls in Chiang Mai or Pai
– Relax on beautiful and affordable beaches in Krabi or Koh Phi Phi
– Attend a traditional Thai massage course or get a massage at local massage parlors
– Visit the floating markets in Damnoen Saduak or Amphawa
– Try delicious and cheap street food from vendors all over Thailand.

5. Are there any affordable transportation options for traveling around Thailand while backpacking?

Yes, there are many affordable transportation options for backpackers in Thailand, including:

1. Local buses: Local buses are the most budget-friendly option for traveling around Thailand. They are usually crowded and may not have air conditioning, but they are very cheap and cover most destinations.

2. Tuk-tuks: These three-wheeled vehicles are a fun and popular way to get around cities in Thailand. Negotiate the price before getting in as tuk-tuks do not have meters.

3. Songthaews: These are shared taxis or mini-buses that operate on fixed routes within cities and between towns. They are cheaper than private taxis and offer a more comfortable ride than local buses.

4. Private taxis: Private taxis can be an affordable option for traveling longer distances or in more remote areas of Thailand, especially if you split the cost with other travelers.

5. Trains: Thailand has a well-developed rail network that connects major cities and tourist destinations. Trains are a comfortable and budget-friendly option for long-distance travel.

6. Motorbikes: Renting a motorbike is a popular mode of transportation among backpackers in Thailand. It gives you the freedom to explore at your own pace, but make sure to wear a helmet and follow traffic rules.

7. Domestic flights: If you need to cover long distances quickly, domestic flights in Thailand can be surprisingly cheap, especially if you book in advance or take advantage of promotions.

8. Ferries: If you’re planning on visiting some of Thailand’s beautiful islands, ferries are the main mode of transport between them. Prices vary depending on distance and type of ferry.

9. Walking/cycling: Many destinations in Thailand are easily walkable or bikeable, so consider these options if your accommodation is centrally located.

10. Hitchhiking: While not always reliable or safe, hitchhiking can be an affordable way to get around Thailand. Use common sense and only do it in well-populated areas.

6. How much does it cost to eat and drink in Thailand as a backpacker?

The cost of food and drinks in Thailand can vary greatly for backpackers depending on their preferences and budget. On average, a meal at a basic restaurant can cost anywhere from 50 to 150 baht (approximately $1.50 to $5 USD). Street food is usually cheaper, with dishes starting at around 20 baht (less than $1 USD).

Alcohol can also be inexpensive, with a bottle of local beer costing around 60 baht ($2 USD) at a bar or restaurant. However, alcohol prices can significantly increase at more touristy areas or upscale establishments.

It’s also important to factor in other expenses such as water, snacks, and street vendor fruits that may be eaten throughout the day. Additionally, if you choose to cook your own meals or stay at hostels with included breakfast options, this can help save money on dining costs. Overall, backpackers can expect to spend an average of $15-20 USD per day on food and drinks in Thailand.

7. Is it possible to find cheap flights or alternative modes of transportation to get to Thailand for a backpacking trip?

Yes, it is possible to find cheap flights or alternative modes of transportation to get to Thailand for a backpacking trip. Here are some tips on how you can save money on your travels to Thailand:

1. Book flights in advance: Booking your flight tickets at least 2-3 months in advance can often result in cheaper prices. Also, try to be flexible with your travel dates and consider flying during off-peak seasons.

2. Use flight comparison websites: Use flight comparison websites such as Skyscanner, Kayak, or Google Flights to compare prices from different airlines. These sites also offer helpful features such as price alerts and flexible date searches.

3. Consider low-cost airlines: There are many low-cost airlines that offer budget-friendly flights to Thailand, such as AirAsia, Scoot, and VietJet Air.

4. Take advantage of transit flights: Sometimes taking a connecting flight can be cheaper than a direct one. Look for transit flights with longer layovers and use that time to explore the layover destination.

5. Travel by train or bus: If you have more time and want to save even more money, consider traveling by train or bus instead of flying. This option may take longer but can be significantly cheaper.

6. Use local transportation in Thailand: Once you arrive in Thailand, use local transportation such as buses or trains to travel between cities instead of domestic flights.

7. Consider alternative modes of transportation: Depending on where you are coming from, there may be other cheaper ways to reach Thailand such as hitchhiking, ridesharing services like BlaBlaCar or car rental services.

Remember to also research and compare the total cost (including baggage fees and additional charges) of each mode of transportation before making a decision.

8. Where can I find the best deals on accommodation and transportation when planning a budget backpacking trip to Thailand?

1. HostelWorld: HostelWorld is a popular platform for booking budget accommodation in Thailand. It has a wide range of affordable hostels and guesthouses listed in popular destinations like Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, and more.

2. Agoda: Agoda is another popular booking platform that offers great deals on budget accommodations in Thailand. It often has exclusive promotions and discounts for its members, so be sure to sign up to save even more.

3. Airbnb: If you prefer a more local experience, consider booking an Airbnb in Thailand. They offer budget-friendly options such as private rooms or shared spaces for a cheaper alternative to traditional hotels.

4. Skyscanner: Skyscanner is a helpful tool for finding cheap flights to Thailand from your home country. It not only compares prices from different airlines but also provides the option to set price alerts so you can grab the best deal when it becomes available.

5. 12Go Asia: 12Go Asia is a reliable website for booking transportation within Thailand, including buses, trains, ferries, and flights. They have partnerships with various operators, allowing you to compare prices and schedules easily.

6. Grab/Uber: In cities like Bangkok and Chiang Mai, using ride-hailing apps like Grab or Uber can be a cheaper option than taxis or tuk-tuks. Make sure to download the app before your trip and compare prices between the two apps as they may differ slightly.

7. Local transport: For short distances, using local transport such as songthaews (shared taxis) or motorbike taxis can be much cheaper than taking a taxi or tuk-tuk. They are also a great way to experience local culture.

8. Travel during low season: Consider traveling during low season (May-October) when accommodation and transportation tend to be cheaper due to fewer tourists. Just keep in mind that some activities and attractions may be closed during this time.

9. Are there any free things to do or see in Thailand while backpacking on a tight budget?

1. Visit temples: Thailand is known for its many stunning temples, and most of them can be visited for free or for a small donation. Some must-visit temples include Wat Phra Kaew and Wat Pho in Bangkok, and Wat Chedi Luang in Chiang Mai.

2. Explore local markets: Thailand is famous for its vibrant markets, where you can find everything from fresh produce to cheap souvenirs. Walking around these markets is free, and you can soak up the lively atmosphere and try delicious street food as well.

3. Visit national parks: Thailand has several stunning national parks that offer amazing views, hiking trails, and even waterfalls. In some cases, there may be a small entrance fee, but it is usually very affordable.

4. Attend festivals: Thailand is home to many festivals throughout the year, such as Songkran (Thai New Year) and Loy Krathong (festival of lights). These festivals often have parades and cultural activities that are free to attend.

5. Enjoy the beaches: Thailand has some of the world’s most beautiful beaches, and they are completely free to visit. You can spend your days relaxing on the sand or take part in water activities like swimming or snorkeling.

6. Take a walk through nature: Many areas in Thailand boast beautiful natural landscapes that are perfect for a peaceful walk or hike. Some popular spots include Pai Canyon in northern Thailand and Khao Sok National Park in southern Thailand.

7. Visit museums: While some museums may charge an entrance fee, there are also many smaller galleries and exhibitions in cities like Bangkok that are free to visit.

8.\ Explore street art: The walls of many Thai cities are adorned with colorful street art created by local artists. Taking a stroll through these areas can make for a fun afternoon activity without spending any money.

9.\ Attend community events: Keep an eye out for local events happening in the towns and villages you visit. From outdoor concerts to traditional performances, there are often free events that give you a taste of Thai culture.

10. How easy is it to find low-cost activities and attractions during a backpacking trip in Thailand?

Thailand offers a variety of low-cost activities and attractions for backpackers. Some of the most popular options include:

1. Exploring nature: Thailand is known for its beautiful beaches, waterfalls, and national parks which offer scenic hikes or swimming spots that can be enjoyed for free or at a minimal cost.

2. Temples and cultural sites: Thailand has a rich cultural heritage with numerous temples and historical sites that can be visited for a small entrance fee or even free of charge.

3. Street food markets: Backpackers can indulge in delicious local cuisine at affordable prices at the many street food markets found throughout the country.

4. Night markets: These bustling bazaars are a great place to experience Thai culture, bargain for souvenirs, and sample delicious street food at budget-friendly prices.

5. Free walking tours: Many cities in Thailand offer free walking tours led by knowledgeable locals, providing an inexpensive way to learn about the history and culture of the area.

6. Beach activities: Most beaches in Thailand offer low-cost activities such as snorkeling, kayaking, and paddleboarding that can be enjoyed without breaking the bank.

7. Cooking classes: Backpackers can learn to cook traditional Thai dishes at cooking schools for a fraction of the price compared to restaurants.

8. Volunteer opportunities: Several organizations in Thailand offer volunteer opportunities such as helping with conservation efforts or teaching English, which may provide accommodation and some meals in exchange for work.

9. Budget accommodations: Backpackers can find affordable accommodations such as hostels, guesthouses, and homestays in almost every part of Thailand.

10. Local festivals and events: Throughout the year, there are various cultural festivals and events held in Thailand that are often free to attend or have a small entrance fee.

Overall, it is relatively easy to find low-cost activities and attractions while backpacking in Thailand due to the wide range of options available. However, it is always important to research and budget accordingly to ensure a successful and enjoyable trip.

11. Is it safe to camp or stay in hostels while backpacking through Thailand?

It is generally safe to camp or stay in hostels while backpacking through Thailand. Hostels may have dorm-style accommodations with shared bathrooms, but they are a popular and budget-friendly option for backpackers. It is important to always use caution and common sense when traveling, such as locking up valuables and staying aware of your surroundings.

12. What are some off-the-beaten-path destinations in Thailand that are affordable for backpackers?

1. Pai: A laid-back mountain town in northern Thailand known for its stunning scenery, tranquil atmosphere, and hippie vibe. It has a range of budget accommodation options and plenty of cheap street food vendors.

2. Koh Lanta: A peaceful island with beautiful beaches, quiet villages, and affordable guesthouses and bungalows. It’s not as popular or developed as other Thai islands, making it a more affordable option.

3. Khao Sok National Park: A hidden gem in southern Thailand with lush rainforests, stunning waterfalls, and diverse wildlife. Budget-friendly accommodations include camping, bungalows, and floating raft houses.

4. Chiang Rai: Often overshadowed by its more famous sister city Chiang Mai, this laid-back town in the north offers a slower pace of life and lower prices for accommodation and food.

5. Koh Chang: This lesser-known island in the Gulf of Thailand has picturesque beaches, jungle-covered hills, and a relaxed atmosphere perfect for budget travelers. There are budget-friendly guesthouses clustered around the main pier area.

6. Sukhothai: Known for its ancient ruins and historical significance, this small city in central Thailand offers a glimpse into the country’s past without breaking the bank on entrance fees or accommodations.

7. Krabi Province: While Krabi’s main tourist hub of Ao Nang can be quite expensive, there are plenty of lesser-known spots within the province that are still affordable for backpackers. Check out secluded beaches like Railay or head inland to explore national parks like Khao Phanom Bencha.

8. Amphawa Floating Market: Located about an hour from Bangkok, this smaller floating market is less crowded than popular spots like Damnoen Saduak but still offers a unique cultural experience without costing an arm and a leg.

9. Kanchanaburi: Situated in western Thailand near the border with Myanmar, this charming city offers a mix of history, outdoor activities, and budget accommodations. Don’t miss the opportunity to visit the infamous Bridge on the River Kwai.

10. Nong Khai: A small town in northeastern Thailand near the border with Laos, Nong Khai is known for its Buddhist temples, quaint riverside promenade, and laid-back vibe. Accommodations and food are often cheaper here than in larger cities.

11. Chumphon: A popular stopover point for travelers heading to or from the southern islands, this coastal town has a relaxed atmosphere, affordable guesthouses, and some stunning nearby beaches that are perfect for budget-minded travelers.

12. Phu Chi Fah: This hidden gem in northern Thailand is tucked away near the border with Laos and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding mountains and valleys. Camping is a popular option here for those on a budget.

13. Can I save money on food by cooking my own meals while backpacking through Thailand?

It is possible to save money on food by cooking your own meals while backpacking through Thailand. However, it may not be the most convenient or cost-effective option.

Many budget accommodations in Thailand do not have access to a kitchen, so you may need to stay in more expensive places that have cooking facilities. Additionally, buying groceries and cooking supplies can add up quickly. Alternatively, street food and local restaurants in Thailand are often very affordable and provide delicious and convenient options for travelers on a budget.

If you do choose to cook your own meals, it is recommended that you seek out local markets or grocery stores for inexpensive ingredients. This will also allow you to experience authentic Thai ingredients and flavors. Overall, it’s important to weigh the cost and convenience factors before deciding whether to cook your own meals while backpacking in Thailand.

14. What are some tips for haggling and negotiating prices as a budget traveler in Thailand?

1. Do your research: Before you begin haggling, make sure you know the price range for the item or service you want. This will give you a starting point for negotiation.

2. Be respectful: Haggling is a common practice in Thailand, but it’s important to be polite and respectful during the process. This will go a long way in building rapport with the seller.

3. Start with a lower offer: When making your initial offer, start with a price that is significantly lower than what you are willing to pay. This will give you room to negotiate and hopefully reach a better deal.

4. Use body language and nonverbal cues: Facial expressions and body language can play a big role in negotiations. Maintain good eye contact, smile, and show interest in the item to convey your sincerity.

5. Walk away if necessary: If the seller isn’t budging on their price, don’t be afraid to walk away. They may come after you with a better offer once they see that you are serious about your budget.

6. Avoid touristy areas: Prices tend to be inflated in areas that are heavily frequented by tourists. Try going off the beaten path to find better deals.

7. Buy in bulk: If you plan on purchasing multiple items from one seller, try negotiating for a lower overall price rather than haggling over each individual item separately.

8. Look out for promotions and discounts: Keep an eye out for signs advertising discounts or promotions. These can often lead to even better prices than haggling would get you.

9. Be aware of scams: Some sellers may try to overcharge unsuspecting tourists who are not familiar with local prices. Make sure you have an idea of what things should cost before entering into negotiations.

10. Don’t be afraid to walk away: Ultimately, if you aren’t happy with the price being offered, it’s okay to say no and keep looking elsewhere. There are plenty of other options in Thailand for budget travelers.

15. Which towns or cities in Thailand offer the cheapest accommodations and activities for backpackers?

Some affordable towns and cities for budget backpackers in Thailand include:

1. Chiang Mai – offers a variety of budget accommodations, cheap street food, and plenty of free or low-cost activities such as visiting temples and waterfalls.

2. Pai – a laid-back backpacker town with inexpensive guesthouses, street food, and outdoor activities like hiking and hot springs.

3. Bangkok – while it can be expensive in some areas, there are also many budget options for accommodations, street vendors selling cheap food, and free attractions like walking tours and visiting the Grand Palace.

4. Krabi – has a mix of budget-friendly guesthouses and hostels near the popular beaches, as well as affordable island-hopping day trips.

5. Koh Lanta – offers budget-friendly bungalows on its quieter beaches along with affordable local restaurants serving up delicious Thai food.

6. Koh Chang – a cheaper alternative to the more popular islands in Southern Thailand with budget accommodations and cheap local markets offering fresh seafood.

7. Kanchanaburi – known for its historical sites like the Bridge Over the River Kwai, this city also has affordable guesthouses and is a great base for exploring national parks in the area.

8. Sukhothai – another historical city with budget accommodations near the famous Sukhothai Historical Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

9. Khao Sok National Park – famous for its beautiful jungle landscape and diverse wildlife, this park also offers affordable homestay accommodations and inexpensive boat tours on Cheow Lan Lake.

10. Ayutthaya- another ancient city with affordable accommodation options near popular ruins such as Wat Mahathat and Wat Phra Si Sanphet.

16. How can I stretch my budget further while traveling on a tight budget through Thailand?

Here are some tips to stretch your budget while traveling through Thailand on a tight budget:

1. Plan Ahead: Research and plan your trip carefully in advance to avoid any last-minute expenses.

2. Travel Off-Season: Visit Thailand during low season (May-October) to get the best deals on accommodation and activities.

3. Stay in Budget Accommodation: Instead of fancy hotels, opt for budget-friendly options like hostels, guesthouses or homestays.

4. Eat Street Food: Thai street food is not only delicious but also very cheap. Try local dishes from street food vendors instead of eating at restaurants.

5. Use Public Transportation: Buses and trains are cheaper than taxis or private transportation. You can also use Grab, a popular ride-sharing app, for affordable rides.

6. Negotiate Prices: Don’t be afraid to negotiate prices with vendors when shopping for souvenirs or taking tuk-tuks or taxis.

7. Look for Free Activities: Many temples, parks and other attractions in Thailand are free to enter. Take advantage of these to save money.

8. Buy a Local SIM Card: Purchase a local SIM card with data so you can use navigation apps and make calls without relying on expensive international plans.

9. Avoid Tourist Traps: Popular tourist spots tend to be more expensive compared to off-the-beaten-path destinations.

10. Bring a Reusable Water Bottle: Instead of buying bottled water, carry a refillable water bottle and fill it up for free at public water stations or your accommodation.

11. Join Group Tours or Activities: Group tours often offer discounts compared to private tours and allow you to split costs with other travelers.

12. Use Travel Apps and Websites for Deals: Download travel apps like Hopper, Skyscanner or TripAdvisor to find the best deals on flights, accommodation and activities in Thailand.

13.Speak with Locals: Ask locals for recommendations on budget-friendly places to eat, stay and visit. They often know the best deals and hidden gems.

14. Avoid Excessive Drinking: Alcohol can be expensive in Thailand, so try to limit your drinking or opt for cheaper local beers instead of imported ones.

15. Carry Small Change: To avoid overspending, carry small change for paying in markets or haggling with vendors.

16. Don’t Be Afraid to Say No: Don’t feel pressured into buying things you don’t want or taking tours you’re not interested in. Stick to your budget and say no when necessary.

17. Is it possible to find volunteer opportunities or work exchanges while traveling through Thailand as a budget traveler?

Yes, it is possible to find volunteer opportunities or work exchanges while traveling through Thailand as a budget traveler. There are several organizations and websites that connect travelers with volunteer projects in Thailand, such as HelpX and Workaway. These programs usually involve working on a farm, hostel, or other type of project in exchange for free accommodation and sometimes meals. Another option is to reach out to local non-profit organizations or charities in the area you are traveling through to see if they have any volunteer opportunities available. You can also inquire at hostels or guesthouses about any work-for-accommodation options they may offer.

18. Are there any countries near Thailand that offer even cheaper travel options for budget travelers and backpackers?

Yes, there are several countries near Thailand that offer even cheaper travel options for budget travelers and backpackers. Some possible options include Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar. These countries have lower costs of living and can offer budget-friendly accommodations, transportation, food, and activities. However, it is important to research the current political and safety situation in these countries before planning a trip.

19.What are the most scenic and inexpensive hiking trails or routes in Thailand for backpackers?

1. Doi Inthanon National Park – This park in Chiang Mai offers a variety of hiking trails ranging from easy to challenging, with stunning views of waterfalls, forests, and mountains.

2. Khao Yai National Park – Located near Bangkok, this park is known for its diverse wildlife and scenic hiking trails through lush forests and waterfalls.

3. Namtok Mae Toen – This moderately difficult hike in Chiang Mai leads to a beautiful waterfall with a natural pool for swimming.

4. Koh Phi Phi Viewpoint – Take a short but steep hike up to this viewpoint on Koh Phi Phi for amazing views of the island’s beaches and coastline.

5. Khao Sok National Park – Known for its karst limestone cliffs and rainforest, this park offers various hiking trails of different difficulty levels.

6. Doi Suthep-Pui National Park – A popular spot for trekking and birdwatching, this national park outside of Chiang Mai has stunning views of the city below.

7. Khao Phanom Bencha National Park – This park in Krabi has several inexpensive walking trails that lead to waterfalls and viewpoints.

8. Erawan Falls – The hike to these seven-tiered waterfalls in Kanchanaburi is longer but can be done as a day trip from Bangkok or as part of a multi-day trekking tour.

9. Sirinat National Park – Located on Phuket Island, this national park has an easy 5 km walking trail that winds through serene forest scenery and leads to a beach.

10.Vachirathan Waterfall Trail – This moderate hike in Doi Luang Chiang Dao offers beautiful views of the waterfall as well as mountain landscapes along the way.

20. Are there any cultural events or festivals in Thailand that are affordable for budget travelers and backpackers?

Yes, there are several cultural events and festivals in Thailand that are affordable for budget travelers and backpackers. Some examples include:

1. Songkran Festival: This is the Thai New Year celebration, which takes place from April 13-15 every year. In addition to traditional ceremonies and rituals, the festival involves a lot of water fights and street parties, making it a fun and inexpensive experience for budget travelers.

2. Loi Krathong: Also known as the “Festival of Lights,” this event takes place on the evening of the full moon in November. It involves releasing small boats made of banana leaves into rivers and waterways, typically accompanied by fireworks and lanterns. Many cities offer free or low-cost boat-making workshops for visitors to participate in.

3. Vegetarian Festival: Held in various locations throughout Thailand in October, this festival celebrates the beginning of Buddhist Lent by promoting a vegetarian diet among participants. It is known for its colorful processions and street food stalls offering affordable vegetarian meals.

4. Chiang Mai Flower Festival: This three-day festival takes place in February and features parades, floral displays, and cultural performances showcasing northern Thai culture. Visitors can enjoy the festivities for free or at low cost by purchasing tickets for specific events.

5. Phi Ta Khon (Ghost) Festival: This unique festival takes place in Dan Sai district in June or July each year and involves colorful costumes, masks, music, and dancing to ward off evil spirits. Backpackers can stay in nearby towns such as Loei or Nakhon Phanom where accommodation options are more budget-friendly.

Overall, there are many cultural events and festivals throughout Thailand that offer an affordable experience for budget travelers and backpackers while providing an opportunity to immerse oneself in the local culture and traditions.