1. What are the most common types of network infrastructure used in Bhutan?

The most common types of network infrastructure used in Bhutan are

1. Wireless networks: Wireless internet connectivity is widely available in Bhutan, especially in urban areas. This type of network allows users to connect to the internet through Wi-Fi enabled devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets.

2. Fiber optic networks: Bhutan has been investing in fiber optic infrastructure to provide faster and more reliable internet connectivity. This type of network uses fiber optic cables to transmit data at high speeds over long distances.

3. Mobile networks: Mobile network infrastructure, mainly 2G, 3G, and 4G, is also widely used in Bhutan for cellular communication and mobile internet access.

4. Satellite networks: In remote areas of Bhutan where traditional wired infrastructure is not feasible, satellite networks are used to provide internet connectivity.

5. Local area networks (LANs): LANs are commonly used within organizations or institutions to connect computers and other devices for local communication and resource sharing.

6. Wide area networks (WANs): WANs are used to connect geographically dispersed locations within a larger organization or between different organizations, allowing for communication and resource sharing over a wider area.

7. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs are used to establish secure connections over the internet between remote users or locations and a central server or network resources.

8. Cloud computing services: Cloud computing services allow users to access on-demand virtual resources such as servers, storage, applications, etc., over the internet from anywhere in Bhutan.

9. Powerline networks: Some parts of Bhutan use powerline technology to transmit data through electrical wiring systems to provide home networking solutions.

10. Cable networks: Cable TV providers also offer broadband internet services through their existing cable infrastructure in some parts of the country.

2. How reliable is the internet connectivity in Bhutan for business and personal use?

The internet connectivity in Bhutan has significantly improved in recent years, with the government investing in infrastructure to provide reliable and fast internet services. However, it is not yet at the same level as many developed countries and may still experience occasional disruptions or slow speeds.

For business use, the reliability of internet connectivity may vary depending on the location and service provider. In major cities such as Thimphu and Phuentsholing, where there is high demand for internet services, the connection is generally more stable and reliable. However, in rural areas or smaller towns, there may be more frequent disruptions or slower speeds.

For personal use, most urban areas have access to 4G mobile data networks which provide relatively fast and reliable internet connectivity. Wi-Fi is also available in some public places like cafes and hotels. However, in remote areas or during bad weather conditions, internet reliability may be lower.

Overall, while internet connectivity has improved in Bhutan and continues to develop, it may still not be as reliable as in other countries for consistent business and personal use.

3. Is there a specific protocol or standard that is widely used for networking in Bhutan?

There is no specific protocol or standard that is widely used for networking in Bhutan. However, commonly used protocols include TCP/IP, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi for local area networks, while MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is often used for wide area networks.

4. What are the major internet service providers in Bhutan, and what services do they offer?

1. Drukcom: Drukcom is the largest internet service provider in Bhutan, owned by Bhutan Telecom. It offers broadband internet services for both home and business users, with speeds ranging from 5Mbps to 100Mbps.

2. TashiCell: TashiCell is the second largest ISP in Bhutan, offering fixed broadband as well as mobile internet services through its 4G network. The company also offers value-added services such as streaming video and music.

3. B-Mobile: B-Mobile is a subsidiary of Bhutan Telecom and offers 3G and 4G mobile broadband services across the country.

4. Samden Online: Samden Online is a privately owned ISP in Bhutan that offers broadband internet services with speeds up to 30Mbps.

5. Sinet IT Solutions: Sinet IT Solutions provides high-speed wireless internet connectivity using microwave and fiber optic technologies for home and businesses.

6. iCreative Technologies: iCreative Technologies offers wired and wireless internet services for homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and government organizations.

7. GIO Internet Service Providers: GIO Internet Service Providers offer high-speed wireless broadband internet connections with packages suitable for both personal and business use.

8. PowerChannel Communications Pvt Ltd.: PowerChannel Communications Pvt Ltd provides leased line solutions for larger organizations requiring high bandwidth connections in Bhutan.

9. OpenNet Solutionz: OpenNet Solutionz provides wireless broadband services using cutting-edge technology with coverage in major cities across Bhutan.

10. Infocomm Development Authority (IDA): As part of the government’s initiative to make internet services more affordable, IDA has partnered with local ISPs to provide low-cost broadband connectivity for schools, community centers, and government institutions in remote areas of the country.

5. Are there any regulations or restrictions on network usage and access in Bhutan?

Yes, there are regulations and restrictions on network usage and access in Bhutan. The Telecommunications Act of 1999 governs the regulation, licensing, and operation of telecommunications services in the country.

Some of the restrictions in place include:

1. Internet censorship: The Bhutanese government has a history of censoring online content that is deemed inappropriate or harmful to national security.

2. Access to certain websites and social media platforms: Some websites and social media platforms are blocked by internet service providers (ISPs), including Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter.

3. Registration of mobile devices: In order to use mobile services in Bhutan, all devices must be registered with the Department of Information Technology and Telecom (DITT).

4. Restrictions on VoIP services: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services such as Skype are not allowed in Bhutan.

5. Bandwidth caps: ISPs may impose bandwidth caps on internet usage which can limit the amount of data that users can consume.

6. VPN restrictions: The use of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) is restricted in Bhutan and requires special authorization from the Ministry of Information and Communications.

7. Mobile network restrictions: The mobile networks in Bhutan are controlled by two operators, both owned by the government. As such, there is limited competition and access to these networks is highly regulated.

It is important for visitors to familiarize themselves with these regulations before using networks in Bhutan to avoid any legal issues or disruptions during their stay.

6. Is there a strong presence of fiber optic networks in Bhutan, and how accessible is it to businesses and individuals?

There is a strong presence of fiber optic networks in Bhutan, with the Bhutan Power Corporation (BPC) being the country’s primary provider of fiber optic infrastructure. BPC owns and operates the country’s national backbone network, which connects major cities and towns across Bhutan. Additionally, private companies also offer fiber optic services in urban areas.

While fiber optic networks are readily available in urban areas, they are less accessible in rural and remote areas due to challenges of mountainous terrain and low population density. However, the government has invested in expanding connectivity to these areas through initiatives such as the Rural Telecom Project.

Overall, access to fiber optic networks is improving in Bhutan but may still be limited for some businesses and individuals depending on their location. Government efforts are ongoing to improve accessibility and expand coverage to more areas in the country.

7. How common are virtual private networks (VPNs) used by companies and individuals in Bhutan for secure online communication?

It is difficult to accurately determine the exact number of companies and individuals in Bhutan using virtual private networks (VPNs) for secure online communication, as there is limited data available on this topic. However, based on research and media reports, it appears that VPN usage in Bhutan is relatively low compared to other countries.

There are a few reasons for this. Firstly, internet penetration in Bhutan is still relatively low, with only around 41% of the population having access to the internet. This means that a significant portion of the population may not have the need or desire for a VPN.

Additionally, internet censorship in Bhutan is not as strict as in some other countries. The government does have some control over online content, but it generally allows access to most websites and social media platforms. As such, individuals may not see the need for a VPN to bypass censorship restrictions.

That said, there are certainly companies and individuals in Bhutan who do use VPNs for various purposes such as accessing geo-restricted content or communicating securely over public Wi-Fi networks. Some businesses may also use VPNs to provide remote workers with secure access to their company’s network.

Overall, while VPN usage in Bhutan is likely increasing as internet usage grows and awareness of online security risks increases, it remains relatively uncommon compared to many other countries.

8. Are there any plans for implementing 5G technology in Bhutan, and how will it impact networking capabilities?

There are currently no official plans for implementing 5G technology in Bhutan. However, the Department of Information Technology and Telecom (DITT) has issued a Consultation Paper for the Development of 5G in Bhutan, which suggests that the government is considering its potential implementation.

If implemented, 5G technology will greatly enhance networking capabilities in Bhutan. It offers significantly higher data speeds, lower latency, and greater network capacity compared to previous generations of technology. This means that users will be able to access faster internet speeds, experience smoother video streaming and gaming, and have a more reliable overall network connection.

Additionally, 5G technology also opens up new possibilities for emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR). These technologies can potentially revolutionize various industries in Bhutan such as healthcare, education, and transportation.

However, the implementation of 5G in Bhutan may also require significant investments in infrastructure and development. The exact impact on networking capabilities will depend on various factors such as the scope of implementation and deployment strategies chosen by the government. Nevertheless, 5G technology has the potential to greatly improve networking capabilities in Bhutan and bring about significant advancements in various sectors.

9. What measures are taken by the government or private organizations to ensure cybersecurity within the network infrastructure of Bhutan?

The government of Bhutan has taken several measures to ensure cybersecurity within the network infrastructure of the country. These measures include:

1. National Cyber Security Strategy: The government of Bhutan has developed a National Cyber Security Strategy to protect its critical information infrastructure and to prevent cyber attacks.

2. Cybersecurity laws and regulations: The government has enacted laws and regulations related to cybersecurity, such as the Information, Communications and Media Act (ICMA) which provides legal provisions for cybersecurity in Bhutan.

3. Cybersecurity training and awareness programs: The Department of Information Technology and Telecom (DITT) conducts training programs and workshops on cybersecurity for government officials, private organizations, and individuals to increase awareness and knowledge about cybersecurity.

4. Establishment of Computer Incident Response Team (CIRT): The Royal Bhutan Police has set up a dedicated CIRT to respond to cyber incidents and provide technical assistance for forensic analysis, investigation, and prevention of cybercrimes.

5. Collaboration with international organizations: The government of Bhutan collaborates with international organizations such as the World Bank, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on various initiatives related to cybersecurity.

6. Implementation of security standards: The DITT has mandated the implementation of security standards such as ISO/IEC 27001 in all public sector organizations to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data.

7. Regular security audits: The DITT conducts regular security audits of government websites, networks, and systems to identify vulnerabilities and take necessary measures to mitigate them.

8. Public-private partnerships: The government promotes public-private partnerships in implementing cybersecurity measures by providing incentives for private organizations that adopt best practices and standards related to cybersecurity.

9. Mobile device management guidelines: The DITT has introduced mobile device management guidelines for government agencies to secure mobile devices used for official purposes.

10. Collaboration with internet service providers (ISPs): The government collaborates with ISPs to monitor and block malicious traffic in the country and to provide support during cyber incidents.

10. Are there any unique challenges faced by companies operating international networks within Bhutan?

Yes, there are several unique challenges faced by companies operating international networks within Bhutan:

1. Limited Infrastructure: Bhutan is a small and landlocked country with limited infrastructure, especially in terms of telecommunication and internet connectivity. This can pose challenges for companies operating international networks.

2. Geographic Challenges: The terrain of Bhutan is mostly mountainous, which makes it difficult to install and maintain network infrastructure. It also limits the availability of satellite or terrestrial links, making it challenging to establish reliable international networks.

3. Government Regulations: The Government of Bhutan tightly controls its telecom sector and imposes strict regulations on foreign investment in this sector. This can make it challenging for companies to set up international networks in the country.

4. Limited Human Resources: Due to its small population, Bhutan has a limited pool of skilled professionals with expertise in the telecommunication sector. This can make it difficult for companies to find and retain qualified employees for managing their international networks.

5. Dependence on Neighboring Countries: As Bhutan does not have direct access to sea routes or border connection with other countries, it relies heavily on India for its communication links. This adds an additional layer of complexity for companies operating international networks within Bhutan.

6. Language Barrier: The official language of Bhutan is Dzongkha, but English is widely spoken and used in business transactions. However, communication with local suppliers and partners may still pose a challenge due to the language barrier.

7. Cultural Differences: Bhutan has a unique culture rooted in Buddhism, which may differ significantly from other countries where companies might have established their international networks. Companies operating in Bhutan need to be aware of these cultural differences and adapt accordingly.

8. High Cost: Setting up an international network in Bhutan can be expensive due to a combination of factors like limited infrastructure, dependence on neighboring countries, and strict government regulations.

9. Security Concerns: Bhutan shares its borders with China and India, which have their own political and military tensions. This can potentially pose security concerns for companies operating international networks in Bhutan.

10. Limited Market: Bhutan has a small market size, with a population of just over 750,000 people. This limits the potential customer base for companies operating international networks in the country, making it challenging to achieve economies of scale.

11. How well-developed is the wireless network infrastructure in cities and rural areas of Bhutan?

Bhutan has a fairly well-developed wireless network infrastructure in cities and larger towns, but it is still quite limited in rural areas.

In cities like Thimphu, Paro, and Phuntsholing, there is widespread availability of wireless networks such as 3G and 4G. Internet service providers (ISPs) such as TashiCell and Bhutan Telecom offer mobile data plans for smartphones and tablets, allowing users to access the internet on the go.

However, in rural areas, the wireless network infrastructure is not as developed. There are still many remote villages that do not have access to reliable internet or even cell phone coverage. This is due to the challenging terrain and lack of infrastructure development in these areas.

The Bhutanese government has recognized the importance of expanding wireless network accessibility to rural areas and has initiated various projects to improve connectivity in these regions. For example, the “Connectivity for Rural-Urban Centres” project aims to increase broadband coverage in 205 rural Gewogs (villages) by setting up 1,057 base stations across the country.

Overall, while Bhutan has made progress in developing its wireless network infrastructure, there is still room for improvement particularly in rural areas.

12. What is the average cost of internet services for businesses and individuals in different regions of Bhutan?

The average cost of internet services for businesses and individuals in different regions of Bhutan varies depending on the type of connection and speed. In general, the cost is higher in remote and rural areas compared to urban areas.

According to a report by the Bhutan Information and Communications Technology Division, the average cost of a broadband connection (with a speed of 1 Mbps) in Thimphu, the capital city, is around 4031 Nu (approximately $55 USD) per month for both personal and business users. This includes both fixed-line and mobile broadband connections.

In other major towns such as Paro, Wangdue Phodrang, and Bumthang, the average cost for a similar speed connection ranges from 3500 Nu to 4500 Nu (around $48-$62 USD) per month.

In more remote areas like Trongsa, Trashiyangtse, Lhuntse, and Pemagatshel, the average cost may be higher due to limited infrastructure and connectivity options. It could range from 5000 Nu to 6000 Nu (around $69-$83 USD) per month.

For businesses with higher bandwidth requirements, such as large offices or enterprises, leasing a dedicated line may be necessary. The costs for such connections could range from 20,000 Nu to 100,000 Nu (around $276-$1384 USD) per month.

It should also be noted that these prices are subject to change and may vary among different internet service providers in Bhutan. Additional costs like installation fees may also apply depending on the provider.

13. Are network speeds generally fast enough to support remote work, video conferencing, and other modern communication needs in Bhutan?

Yes, network speeds in Bhutan are generally fast enough to support remote work, video conferencing, and other modern communication needs. In fact, the country has made significant progress in improving its internet infrastructure in recent years. According to Speedtest Global Index, Bhutan’s average mobile download speed is 17.38 Mbps and fixed broadband download speed is 15.10 Mbps as of April 2021. This is above the global average of 55.07 Mbps for mobile and 107.07 Mbps for fixed broadband.

In urban areas such as Thimphu and Phuentsholing, internet speeds can be even faster with high-speed fiber optic connections available. However, in more rural and remote areas of the country, internet speeds may be slower and less reliable.

Overall, with the continuous development of Bhutan’s telecommunications infrastructure, network speeds are expected to improve further in the future to support the growing demand for remote work and modern communication needs.

14. What types of networking hardware, such as routers, switches, and servers, are commonly used by businesses in Bhutan?

In Bhutan, businesses commonly use networking hardware such as routers, switches, and servers for their networking needs. Some common types of networking hardware used by businesses in Bhutan include:

1. Routers: These are devices that connect different networks together and facilitate communication between them. Businesses in Bhutan use routers to connect their local area network (LAN) to the internet or other wide area networks (WANs).

2. Switches: These are devices that create a network by connecting multiple devices together, allowing them to communicate with each other. They are essential for creating a LAN within a business premises. Businesses use switches to connect computers, printers, and other devices on their network.

3. Firewalls: These are security devices that protect the network from unauthorized access and cyber threats. Businesses in Bhutan use firewalls to secure their networks and prevent data breaches.

4. Servers: Servers are powerful computers that provide services or resources to other computers on the network. Businesses in Bhutan commonly use servers for hosting websites, managing databases, file storage, and running applications.

5. Wireless Access Points (WAPs): These devices allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network without using cables. Businesses in Bhutan utilize WAPs to provide wireless internet connectivity within their premises.

6. Network Attached Storage (NAS) Devices: NAS devices are specialized storage units connected to the network that can be accessed by multiple users simultaneously. Businesses use NAS devices to store and share large amounts of data across the network.

7. Modems: Modems are used by businesses in Bhutan to convert digital signals into analog signals for transmission over telephone lines, cable lines or satellite connections.

8. Network Interface Cards (NICs): NICs are hardware components that enable computers to connect to a network. Businesses use NICs on their computers and servers for communication with other devices on the network.

9.Optic Fiber Cables: Optic fiber cables are used by businesses in Bhutan to transmit data at high speeds over long distances. They are essential for establishing reliable, high-speed internet connections.

10. VoIP Phones: Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phones use the internet to make phone calls. Businesses in Bhutan use VoIP phones to reduce their communication costs and improve efficiency.

15. How does weather or environmental factors affect network reliability and connectivity in certain parts of Bhutan?

Weather and environmental factors can significantly affect network reliability and connectivity in certain parts of Bhutan. Some of the main ways in which this can happen are:

1. Extreme weather conditions: Bhutan experiences a wide range of extreme weather conditions, including heavy rain, snow, high winds, and lightning strikes. These conditions can damage network infrastructure such as cables, antennas, and transmission towers, resulting in disruptions to connectivity. In remote or mountainous areas where these extreme weather conditions are more severe, it may take longer for repairs to be carried out, further impacting network reliability.

2. Topography: Bhutan’s rugged terrain poses a challenge for the installation and maintenance of network infrastructure. The mountainous landscape can make it difficult to lay cables or erect transmission towers, resulting in uneven coverage and gaps in connectivity. In some areas, the steep terrain may also require frequent equipment adjustments or replacements due to wear and tear.

3. Power outages: Frequent power outages in some parts of Bhutan can also affect network reliability and connectivity. Network equipment requires a stable power supply to function properly, and when the power goes out, networks may go down or experience disruptions until power is restored.

4. Limited infrastructure: Parts of Bhutan are still underdeveloped with limited road access and minimal infrastructure. This lack of development makes it challenging to build or expand network infrastructure in these areas, resulting in poor connectivity.

5. Natural disasters: Bhutan is prone to natural disasters such as floods and landslides due to its mountainous terrain and monsoon climate. These disasters can severely damage network infrastructure and disrupt connectivity for extended periods until repairs can be carried out.

6. Vegetation: Trees and other vegetation can also affect network reliability by blocking radio signals from cellular antennas or satellite dishes necessary for wireless communication services.

In addition to these factors, government regulations on tower placement may also restrict the expansion of cellular networks to rural areas where they are most needed. Overall, these weather and environmental factors can significantly impact network reliability and connectivity in certain parts of Bhutan, making it challenging to provide consistent and fast internet services.

16. Are there any notable differences between rural and urban networking capabilities in Bhutan?

Yes, there are some notable differences between rural and urban networking capabilities in Bhutan.

1. Infrastructure: The network infrastructure in urban areas is more developed compared to rural areas, with better connectivity and faster internet speeds. Urban areas have fiber optic networks while rural areas still rely on older technologies like satellite connections or low-speed copper wires.

2. Availability of services: In urban areas, there is a wider availability of internet and telecommunication services compared to rural areas. This is partly due to the higher concentration of population and businesses in cities, making it more economically feasible for service providers to expand their network.

3. Digital literacy: Due to factors like limited access to technology and education, digital literacy levels are generally lower in rural areas compared to urban areas. This can affect the adoption and usage of digital communication tools such as social media and online platforms.

4. Cost: The cost of internet and telecommunication services may also be higher in rural areas due to the need for specialized infrastructure and lower demand. This can make it less affordable for individuals and businesses in rural areas to access these services.

5. Coverage: While urban areas have almost blanket coverage when it comes to network connectivity, there may be gaps in coverage in remote or isolated parts of Bhutan’s rural regions. This is because setting up network infrastructure in difficult geographical terrain can be a major challenge.

In recent years, efforts have been made by the government and private sector players to bridge the gap between rural and urban networking capabilities through various initiatives such as expanding fiber-optic networks to remote villages, providing subsidized internet connections for schools in rural areas, and offering training programs for digital literacy in these regions.

17. Can foreign companies easily establish their own networks within Bhutan, or are there restrictions/limitations?

Foreign companies can establish their own networks in Bhutan, but they must obtain a license from the Bhutan InfoComm and Media Authority (BICMA) before doing so. The license application process includes submitting a detailed project proposal, along with information on the company’s financial standing and technical capability to operate the network. BICMA then evaluates the application based on various criteria, including adherence to applicable laws and regulations and compatibility with existing telecom infrastructure. There may also be restrictions or limitations on foreign ownership of telecommunication companies in Bhutan.

18. What steps can be taken to improve coverage, speeds, and overall performance of networks in Bhutan?

1. Increase Infrastructure Investment: The government and telecom service providers can increase their investment in network infrastructure, including building new cell towers and upgrading existing ones to support faster speeds and better coverage.

2. Implement Advanced Technologies: Bhutan should focus on implementing advanced technologies such as 4G LTE and 5G to offer faster connections and more reliable coverage.

3. Spectrum Management: Proper allocation and management of spectrum are essential for improving network performance. The government can regulate the use of spectrum to avoid congestion and interference.

4. Government Support for Rural Areas: The government should provide support to telecom service providers to expand their networks in rural areas where it is often challenging to build infrastructure due to difficult terrain.

5. Network Sharing Agreements: Service providers can enter into network sharing agreements to reduce costs involved in building individual networks. This will also help improve coverage in remote areas.

6. Upgrading Backhaul Capacity: Improving backhaul capacity (the connection between cell towers and the central network) can significantly enhance network performance by delivering more data at a faster speed.

7. Use of Small Cells: Deploying small cells, which are low-power cellular base stations, is an effective way to boost coverage in densely populated areas or indoor spaces with weak signals.

8. Regular Maintenance and Upgrades: It is crucial to regularly maintain and upgrade existing network infrastructure to ensure smooth performance and prevent outages.

9. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): The government can collaborate with private companies through PPPs to leverage expertise, resources, and funds for expanding network infrastructure across the country.

10. Encourage Competition: To drive competition among service providers, the government can invite foreign players or allow existing players in neighboring countries to operate in Bhutan’s market, promoting increased investment in infrastructure development.

11. Address Right-of-Way Issues: Right-of-way issues such as obtaining necessary permits from local authorities for construction of cell towers can delay infrastructure expansion. The government can work on streamlining the process to accelerate network rollout.

12. Improve Power Supply: Unreliable power supply can affect the performance of networks, especially in rural areas. Building a robust and reliable power supply infrastructure is necessary for optimal network performance.

13. Develop Digital Literacy: Increasing digital literacy and educating users about ways to improve network connectivity, such as using Wi-Fi or optimizing device settings, can also contribute towards better overall network performance.

14. Enhance Regional Connectivity: Investing in improving regional connectivity with neighboring countries can provide Bhutan with better access to international networks, leading to increased data capacity and improved speeds.

15. Use of Satellite Technology: In remote rural areas, where it is challenging to build physical infrastructure, satellite technology can be leveraged to deliver internet services and improve coverage.

16. Monitor Network Performance: Regularly monitoring network performance will help identify problem areas and enable timely interventions.

17. Encourage Green Initiatives: Promoting the use of renewable energy sources such as solar power for cell towers can help reduce operating costs and make expanding infrastructure more sustainable.

18. Continuous Innovation: Service providers should continuously invest in research and development to adopt new technologies and improve existing ones for providing better coverage, speeds, and overall network performance in Bhutan.

19. How is the network infrastructure in Bhutan able to handle large amounts of data, such as for data centers and cloud computing?

Bhutan has an extensive and constantly improving network infrastructure that has the capacity to handle large amounts of data. This includes both wired and wireless networks, with fiber optic cables connecting different parts of the country.

Some of the factors that contribute to the ability of Bhutan’s network infrastructure to handle large amounts of data include:

1. Fiber Optic Connectivity: Bhutan’s network infrastructure is built on a national fiber optic backbone, which enables high-speed data transmission across the country. This backbone is connected to international gateways through neighboring countries like India and Bangladesh.

2. High-Speed Internet: The country has invested in high-speed internet connectivity to support its growing digital economy. As of 2020, Bhutan had an average internet speed of 23 Mbps, which is considered high compared to some other countries in the region.

3. Government Support and Investments: The government of Bhutan has shown a strong commitment towards developing its digital infrastructure, including providing investments for key projects such as expanding broadband services and building data centers.

4. Robust Mobile Networks: Mobile phone penetration in Bhutan is relatively high, with over 80% of the population having access to mobile networks. This helps in distributing data traffic across different devices and reducing congestion on wired networks.

5. Data Center Infrastructure: Bhutan also has advanced data center infrastructure with modern facilities such as cooling systems, reliable power sources, and backup generators, ensuring uninterrupted service for businesses and organizations that require fast and reliable data processing services.

6. Advanced Cloud Computing Services: The country also offers advanced cloud computing services through its government-owned IT park called Thimphu TechPark (TTP). TTP provides a scalable platform for businesses that require massive computing power without having to invest in expensive hardware or software.

Overall, developments in Bhutan’s network infrastructure have played a crucial role in supporting the growth of technology-dependent industries like data centers and cloud computing services. With continuous efforts from the government and private sector, Bhutan’s network infrastructure is well-equipped to handle large amounts of data and support the country’s digital economy.

20. What advancements or updates are being made to the network infrastructure of Bhutan for improved connectivity and communication within the country and globally?

Bhutan has been making significant efforts to improve its network infrastructure in recent years. Some of the key advancements and updates being made include:

1. Development of National Broadband Network: The government of Bhutan has initiated a project to establish a national fiber-optic broadband network across the country. This will provide high-speed internet connectivity to all parts of Bhutan, including remote rural areas.

2. Expansion of Mobile Networks: The two major mobile network operators in Bhutan, Bhutan Telecom and TashiCell, have been expanding their networks to cover more areas and increase the capacity and quality of their services.

3. Introduction of 4G Services: Bhutan Telecom and TashiCell have both launched 4G services in some areas, providing faster data speeds for mobile users.

4. Peering Arrangements with Other Countries: Bhutan has entered into agreements with neighboring countries such as India, Nepal, and Bangladesh to establish peering points for better connectivity between networks in these countries.

5. Upgrading Core Network Infrastructure: The main government backbone network, DrukREN (Druk Research & Education Network), is being upgraded to a high-capacity optical transport network (OTN) to support faster data transmission and exchange between government agencies, universities, and other institutions in the country.

6. Establishment of Internet Exchange Points (IXPs): IXPs are critical components of any modern network infrastructure as they enable local internet traffic to be exchanged within the country rather than being routed through international gateways. Bhutan currently has one IXP, located in Thimphu.

7. E-government Initiatives: The government has implemented various e-government initiatives that require robust network infrastructure, such as G2C (Government-to-Citizen) services, telemedicine, and online public services.

8. Implementation of Smart City Projects: Several cities in Bhutan are implementing smart city projects that rely on advanced network infrastructure for connectivity and communication. For example, the Smart City Project in Thimphu includes the installation of Wi-Fi hotspots, smart lighting, and CCTV cameras.

9. Submarine Cable Connectivity: Bhutan is also exploring the possibility of connecting to international submarine cable systems for improved global connectivity.

Overall, these advancements and updates are expected to greatly improve connectivity and communication within Bhutan and also enhance the country’s digital presence on a global scale.