Statewide Financial Aid Resources for Immigrant Graduate Students in California

1. What options are available for financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students in California?


1. Federal Student Aid: Eligible immigrant graduate students can apply for federal financial aid through the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). This includes grants, loans, and work-study programs.

2. State Financial Aid Programs: California offers various grant and scholarship programs for immigrant students, such as the Cal Grant program. Some of these programs require undocumented students to have attended a California high school for at least three years.

3. Institutional Aid: Many colleges and universities in California offer scholarships and grants specifically for immigrant students. These may include merit-based scholarships or need-based grants.

4. Private Scholarships: There are many private organizations and foundations that offer scholarships for immigrant students in California. These can be found through online scholarship search engines or by contacting the financial aid office at your university.

5. Immigrant-Specific Scholarships: Some organizations offer scholarships specifically for immigrants, such as TheDream.US or the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF).

6. Work-Study Programs: Eligible immigrant graduate students can participate in work-study programs which provide part-time employment opportunities on campus to help cover educational expenses.

7. Employer Tuition Assistance: Some companies offer tuition assistance to their employees pursuing higher education. Immigrants with work authorization may be eligible for this type of support from their employers.

8. Crowdfunding: Students can also utilize online fundraising platforms such as GoFundMe to raise money for their education expenses.

9. Loan Forgiveness Programs: Depending on your field of study, there may be loan forgiveness programs available to help you pay off your student loans after graduation. This can alleviate some of the financial burden of attending graduate school.

10. Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Individuals who qualify for DACA may also be eligible for in-state tuition rates and state financial aid in California through AB 540/AB 2000/AB 68 legislation.

2. Are there any state-specific scholarships or grants for immigrant graduate students in California?

There are several state-specific scholarships and grants available for immigrant graduate students in California. Some options include:

– California Chafee Grant Program: This program offers financial assistance to current or former foster youth pursuing a post-secondary education, including graduate studies. Eligible students must have been in foster care for at least one day between the ages of 16 and 18, and must not have reached their 22nd birthday before July 1 of the award year.
– California Dream Act: Undocumented students who meet certain eligibility criteria may be eligible for state financial aid, including grants and scholarships, through the California Dream Act.
– The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans: This fellowship is open to immigrants or children of immigrants who are pursuing graduate studies in any field at any U.S. university.
– The Greenlining Institute Fellowships: The Greenlining Institute offers various fellowships for outstanding individuals from immigrant or refugee communities that aim to address issues related to racial and economic justice.
– Association of Independents in Radio (AIR) New Voices Scholarships: These scholarships support emerging audio producers from diverse backgrounds, including immigrants and refugees, who are interested in pursuing careers in public media.

Additionally, many universities in California offer scholarships specifically for immigrant students or students from underrepresented communities. It is recommended to check with your school’s financial aid office for more information on these opportunities.

3. Is it possible for immigrant graduate students to apply for state-funded loans in California?


Yes, it is possible for immigrant graduate students to apply for state-funded loans in California. However, they must have the necessary immigration status and meet all other eligibility requirements for the loan program they are applying for. These requirements can vary depending on the specific loan program and may include factors such as residency, credit history, and income. It is best to research and contact the specific loan program to determine eligibility criteria and application instructions. Additionally, some loan programs may have restrictions or limitations for certain types of non-immigrant visas, so it is important to thoroughly review program guidelines before applying.

4. Are there any requirements or restrictions for immigrant graduate students seeking financial aid in California?


Yes, there are requirements and restrictions for immigrant graduate students seeking financial aid in California. These may include:

1. Legal residency status: In order to be eligible for most forms of financial aid in California, including state-funded programs, immigrants must have a legal immigration status. This means that they must either be permanent residents (green card holders), refugees, asylees, or other categories of individuals with legal status.

2. In-state residency: Some scholarships or grants may require students to prove that they are residents of California. This is determined by factors such as the length of time the student has resided in the state, paying taxes in the state, and their intention to remain in California after graduation.

3. Academic qualifications: Immigrant graduate students must meet certain academic qualifications to be eligible for financial aid. This may include maintaining a minimum GPA or being enrolled in a specific program or school.

4. Financial need: Many forms of financial aid, such as grants and need-based scholarships, require students to demonstrate financial need through submitting documentation of their household income and assets.

5. Citizenship status restrictions: Some federal grants and loans have citizenship requirements that restrict eligibility for non-citizens, including immigrants with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) status or Temporary Protected Status (TPS).

6. Residency restrictions: Some scholarships or grants may only be available to specific types of immigrant groups, such as refugees or asylum seekers.

Overall, it is important for immigrant graduate students to research and carefully review the eligibility criteria for each type of financial aid they are considering applying for in California. They should also seek guidance from their university’s financial aid office for specific information on eligibility requirements and available options.

5. What is the process for how immigrant graduate students can access state financial aid programs in California?


The process for how immigrant graduate students can access state financial aid programs in California may vary slightly depending on individual circumstances, but generally involves the following steps:

1. Determine eligibility: Before applying for any state financial aid programs, it is important for immigrant graduate students to determine their eligibility. In California, this includes meeting requirements such as being a resident of the state for at least one year and demonstrating financial need.

2. Complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA): In order to be considered for most state financial aid programs, immigrant graduate students must complete the FAFSA form. This form collects information about a student’s financial situation and is used to determine eligibility for federal and state aid.

3. Submit California Dream Act Application (if applicable): Some immigrant graduate students may not be eligible to submit a FAFSA due to their citizenship or immigration status. In these cases, they can submit the California Dream Act Application which allows eligible non-citizens to apply for state financial aid programs.

4. Research available state grant and scholarship programs: California offers various grants and scholarships specifically aimed at supporting immigrant students, including AB 540/AB 2000 Nonresident Tuition Exemption, College Access Tax Credit Scholarship Program, Middle Class Scholarship Program, and more.

5. Apply for specific state grants and scholarships: Once research has been done on available options, immigrant graduate students can then apply directly for specific state grants and scholarships that fit their demographic background and academic goals. Deadlines may vary depending on the program.

6. Contact the school’s financial aid office: Immigrant graduate students should also reach out to their school’s financial aid office for additional support and guidance in accessing state financial aid programs in California.

7. Submit any required documentation: Some grant or scholarship programs may require additional documentation such as transcripts or proof of residency. It is important to carefully read through all application requirements and submit any necessary documents on time.

8. Follow up on application status: After submitting applications for state financial aid programs, it is important for immigrant graduate students to regularly check the status of their application and follow up with any requested information or documentation.

9. Receive funding: If approved, funds from state financial aid programs will be disbursed directly to the student’s school to cover tuition and other eligible educational expenses. It may take a few weeks after the start of the semester for funds to be applied to the student’s account.

10. Maintain eligibility: To continue receiving state financial aid, immigrant graduate students must maintain their eligibility by meeting academic performance requirements and filing necessary paperwork by specified deadlines each year.

6. Are there any advocacy groups or organizations that assist immigrant graduate students with accessing financial aid in California?


Yes, there are several advocacy groups and organizations in California that assist immigrant graduate students with accessing financial aid:

1. The Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (CHIRLA) offers workshops and resources to help undocumented students navigate the financial aid process.

2. Immigrants Rising (formerly known as Educators for Fair Consideration) provides financial and legal support to undocumented students pursuing higher education.

3. The Dream.US offers scholarships to undocumented students who meet certain eligibility requirements.

4. The California Student Aid Commission has a Dream Act webpage that provides information on state financial aid options available to undocumented students, including the California Dream Act and the Cal Grant program.

5. UndocuScholars at UC Los Angeles is a resource center for undocumented immigrant students that provides assistance with college admissions, scholarships, and other educational opportunities.

6. The Mission Asset Fund offers scholarships and interest-free loans specifically for Dreamers seeking higher education in California.

7. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) provides advocacy, legal services, and scholarship opportunities for immigrant students in California.

8. Services Immigrant Rights & Education Network (SIREN) offers support services and referrals to resources for undocumented students in Central California.

9.The National Immigration Law Center’s (NILC) DREAMer Justice Resources page provides information on access to higher education for undocumented immigrants in California.

10. Students Rising Above is a nonprofit organization that provides counseling, mentorship, and financial support to low-income, first-generation college-bound students, including those who are undocumented or DACA recipients in the Bay Area of California.

7. How does the availability of financial aid resources differ between different regions within California for immigrant graduate students?


The availability of financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students can vary greatly between different regions within California. This is due to a combination of factors including the cost of living, the local job market, and the presence or absence of institutions that offer specific types of financial assistance for immigrants. Here are some possible differences that may exist between regions:

1. Urban versus rural areas: Generally, urban areas tend to have more resources available for all students, including immigrants, compared to rural regions. This is because there are typically more universities and colleges located in cities, which means more opportunities for scholarships and other forms of financial aid.

2. High-cost versus low-cost areas: California has some of the most expensive cities in the United States, such as San Francisco and Los Angeles. In these high-cost areas, graduate education can be even more expensive than in other parts of the state. As a result, there may be more generous financial aid packages available to help offset the higher costs.

3. Public universities versus private universities: There are both public and private universities throughout California, with varying tuition rates and financial aid offerings. In general, public universities tend to have more affordable tuition rates and often offer need-based grants and scholarships to reduce costs for low-income students.

4. Proximity to major research institutions: Some regions in California are home to major research institutions such as UC Berkeley, Stanford University, and Caltech. These schools have significant funding available for their graduate programs, which can translate into more scholarship opportunities for immigrant students in those regions.

5. Areas with high immigrant populations: It is common for regions with high immigrant populations to offer additional resources specifically for immigrant students pursuing higher education. For example, there may be local organizations or foundations that provide scholarships or grants specifically targeted towards immigrants in certain communities.

It should also be noted that even within a particular region or city in California, there may be differences in the availability of financial aid based on the individual graduate programs and institution. It is important for students to research and inquire about financial aid options specific to their chosen program and institution in order to get a complete understanding of the resources available to them.

8. Can undocumented immigrant graduate students also apply for state financial aid programs in California?


Yes, undocumented immigrant graduate students are eligible for state financial aid programs in California, such as the Cal Grant and Chafee Grant. However, they must meet certain eligibility requirements, including attending a qualifying California college or university and meeting the criteria for AB 540/AB 2000/ SB 68 (California laws that allow undocumented students to pay in-state tuition). They may also be eligible for some university-specific scholarships and grants. It is recommended that they check with their school’s financial aid office for more information on available funding options.

9. Are there any specific funds or programs dedicated to supporting immigrant graduate students in California with their education costs?


There are a few funds and programs specifically designed to support immigrant graduate students in California with their education costs. These include:

1. The California Dream Act: This allows eligible undocumented students to receive state financial aid for college, including grants, scholarships, and loans.

2. The University of California DREAM Loan Program: This program offers low-interest loans to undocumented students attending one of the University of California schools.

3. The Graduate Equity Fellowship Program: This program provides financial support for underrepresented graduate students, including immigrant students, at California State University campuses.

4. Private Scholarships: Some private scholarship programs, such as the Chicana/Latina Foundation Scholarship Program and the Hispanic Scholarship Fund, provide funding specifically for undocumented or immigrant students in California.

5. Immigrant Rising’s List of Undergraduate and Graduate Scholarships for Undocumented Students: This resource provides a comprehensive list of scholarships available to undocumented and immigrant students in California.

It is also worth checking with your specific university or graduate program for any additional funding opportunities specifically for immigrant students.

10. How often do the eligibility requirements and application process change for state financial aid programs in California for immigrant graduate students?


The eligibility requirements and application process for state financial aid programs in California for immigrant graduate students may change periodically. These changes can be influenced by factors such as state budget allocations, laws and regulations related to immigration and education, and the priorities of the state government. It is recommended that immigrant graduate students regularly check with their school’s financial aid office or the California Student Aid Commission (CSAC) website for any updates on eligibility requirements and application processes for state financial aid programs.

11. Are there any community colleges or universities in California specifically offering reduced tuition rates or scholarships to attract and support immigrant graduate students?


There are several community colleges and universities in California that offer reduced tuition rates and scholarships for immigrant graduate students. Here are a few examples:

1. University of California, Berkeley: The Graduate Diversity Program at UC Berkeley offers financial support, such as scholarships and grants, to admitted graduate students from underrepresented groups, including immigrants.

2. San Francisco State University: The DreamSF Scholars Program at SFSU provides scholarship support to undocumented students who are enrolled or planning to enroll in a graduate program.

3. Foothill College: The Foothill College Dreamers Scholarship Program offers financial assistance to immigrant students pursuing a degree or certificate program.

4. California State University, Fullerton: CSUF’s Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) Faculty and Staff Support Network provides scholarships for AAPI graduate students who have migrated to the United States or whose parents have immigrated to the U.S.

5. Santa Monica College: SMC’s Wildwood Trust Transfers Scholarship Program offers financial support to undocumented students transferring from a community college to a four-year university, including graduate programs.

6. Orange Coast College: The OCC Foundation Scholarships include awards specifically for immigrant and transfer students pursuing a variety of degrees, including graduate programs.

7. City College of San Francisco: CCSF’s International Student Center offers need-based scholarships for international students attending community college in California, including those pursuing graduate studies.

It is recommended that interested individuals contact the specific school they are interested in attending for more information on available scholarships and financial aid options for immigrant graduate students.

12. How do the financial assistance options compare between public and private institutions in California for immigrant graduate students?


The financial assistance options for immigrant graduate students in public and private institutions in California may vary, but some general differences may include:

1. Tuition and fees: Public institutions generally have lower tuition rates compared to private institutions. This can be a significant advantage for immigrant graduate students, as it can reduce their overall financial burden.

2. Scholarships and grants: Both public and private institutions typically offer scholarships and grants to eligible students. However, private institutions may have more funds available for these types of financial aid, making them potentially more competitive.

3. Work-study programs: Some public institutions may offer work-study programs that allow students to earn money while attending school. These opportunities are often limited in private institutions.

4. Financial aid packages: Private institutions may have larger endowments and resources compared to public institutions, allowing them to offer more attractive financial aid packages, including need-based and merit-based scholarships.

5. Eligibility requirements: Public institutions may have more lenient eligibility requirements for financial aid compared to private schools, which often have more stringent criteria for scholarships and grants.

6. State-specific programs: Some public universities in California may offer state-specific programs that provide additional financial support to immigrant graduate students.

Overall, the availability of financial assistance options for immigrant graduate students may vary depending on the institution they choose – with some notable differences between public and private schools in California. It is essential for prospective students to research the specific options at each institution before making a decision.

13. Does the availability of state financial aid resources differ depending on a student’s field of study as an immigrant graduate student?


It is possible that the availability of state financial aid resources may differ depending on a student’s field of study as an immigrant graduate student. Some states may have specific programs or scholarships available for students pursuing certain fields, particularly for high-demand industries or areas where there may be a shortage of professionals. Additionally, some states may prioritize funding for certain fields over others based on economic or workforce development priorities. However, this will vary depending on the state and its policies. It is important for students to research and inquire about all available financial aid resources for their particular field of study in their state.

14. Are certain demographic groups of immigrant graduate students prioritized when awarding state financial aid resources in California?


Yes, California has a number of state financial aid programs that specifically target certain demographic groups of immigrant graduate students, such as Dreamers and low-income students. These programs include the California Dream Act, which provides financial aid to undocumented students, and the Cal Grant program, which offers need-based grants to eligible AB 540/Dream Act applicants. In addition, the Chafee Foster Youth Grants provide financial assistance to current or former foster youth attending graduate school in California.

15. How heavily is a student’s academic performance weighted when considering them for state-based financial assistance as an immigrant graduate student?


It is difficult to determine the exact weight placed on a student’s academic performance when considering them for state-based financial assistance as an immigrant graduate student, as policies and criteria can vary by state and by specific financial aid programs. However, it can be assumed that academic performance is one of many factors considered when determining a student’s eligibility for state-based aid. Other factors such as financial need, residency status, and enrollment status may also play a significant role in the decision-making process. Ultimately, each individual case is evaluated on its own merits and there is no set weight given to academic performance.

16. What is the average amount and type of funding awarded to successful applicants of state-based financial aid programs as an immigrant graduate student?


The average amount and type of funding awarded to successful applicants of state-based financial aid programs as an immigrant graduate student can vary significantly depending on the specific program and the individual applicant’s circumstances. In general, most state-based financial aid programs for graduate students are merit-based rather than need-based, meaning that they award funds based on academic or other achievements rather than financial need.

Some common types of funding that may be awarded through state-based financial aid programs for immigrant graduate students include:

1. Scholarships: Many state governments offer scholarships specifically targeted towards immigrants or international students pursuing graduate studies. These scholarships may be need-based, merit-based, or a combination of both.

2. Grants: Similar to scholarships, grants are also a common form of financial aid offered through state programs. They may be need-based, merit-based, or targeted towards specific fields of study.

3. Assistantships: Some states offer assistantship opportunities for graduate students in which they work for the university in exchange for partial or full tuition coverage and/or a stipend.

4. Loans: Some states offer low-interest loans to help cover the cost of graduate education for immigrant students. These loans may be need-based and require repayment after graduation.

5. Tuition waivers: Some states allow public universities to waive out-of-state tuition fees for eligible immigrant students who meet certain criteria such as academic excellence or residency requirements.

The actual amount awarded through these various forms of funding can range from a few hundred dollars to full tuition coverage and living expenses. It is important for prospective students to research specific state programs and their eligibility requirements in order to get an accurate understanding of the potential funding available to them as an immigrant graduate student.

17. Are there any additional steps or requirements that must be completed by immigrant graduate students in California to maintain their eligibility for state financial aid?


Yes, immigrant graduate students in California must also meet the following requirements to maintain their eligibility for state financial aid:

1. File the California Dream Act Application (CADAA) or the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) by the stated deadline.

2. Meet all academic eligibility criteria set by the state and the higher education institution they are attending.

3. Maintain satisfactory academic progress towards their academic program.

4. Provide proof of AB540 status, such as an AB540 affidavit or official high school transcript, upon request from their school’s financial aid office.

5. Complete a California Nonresident Tuition Exemption Request form each semester to continue receiving in-state tuition rates.

6. Renew their DACA status if applicable and submit proof of renewal to their school’s financial aid office.

7. Meet any other requirements set by the specific state financial aid programs they are applying for, such as community service hours or essay submissions.

8. Notify their school’s financial aid office of any changes in personal information that may affect their eligibility for state financial aid, such as changes in immigration status or residency status.

9. Comply with any requests from their school’s financial aid office for additional documentation to verify eligibility for state financial aid.

10. Repay any overpayments or debts owed to a California state-funded student loan program if they withdraw from school before completing their degree or fail to meet program requirements.

18. How have recent policy changes impacted the availability and accessibility of financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students in California?


Recent policy changes have had a significant impact on the availability and accessibility of financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students in California. Prior to these changes, many undocumented immigrants were not eligible for federal or state financial aid, leaving them with limited options to afford higher education.

However, policies such as the California Dream Act and SB 1210 have expanded financial aid opportunities for undocumented immigrant students in California. The California Dream Act allows eligible undocumented students to receive state-funded grants and scholarships, while SB 1210 created a new institutional financial aid program specifically for undocumented students at public universities in California.

Additionally, recent policies have made it easier for immigrant graduate students to apply for and access financial aid resources. In the past, many undocumented students faced barriers such as lack of a Social Security number or legal status when trying to fill out FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid) or Cal Grant applications. However, these restrictions have been removed, allowing more immigrant graduate students to apply for and receive aid.

Furthermore, efforts by universities and organizations in California have also increased the availability and accessibility of financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students. Many institutions now provide specialized support services and counseling for undocumented students, helping them navigate the financial aid process and find additional scholarship opportunities.

Overall, recent policy changes have significantly improved the availability and accessibility of financial aid resources for immigrant graduate students in California. However, there is still much work to be done as many immigrant graduate students continue to face challenges in affording their education due to their immigration status.

19. Are there any resources or guidance available specifically for immigrant graduate students to help navigate the complex financial aid process in California?


Yes, there are several resources and guidance available for immigrant graduate students to navigate the complex financial aid process in California.

1. The California Student Aid Commission (CSAC) offers a step-by-step guide for undocumented graduate students to understand and apply for financial aid in California. This guide provides information on eligibility, types of financial aid available, and instructions on how to fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) or California Dream Act Application (CADAA).

2. The CSAC also provides a statewide directory of financial aid resources for immigrant students, including graduate students. This directory includes information on scholarships, grants, loans, work-study programs, and other resources specifically available for immigrant students.

3. The University of California has a helpful resource page for undocumented graduate students that includes information on financial aid options specific to each UC campus. This page also provides links to external scholarship opportunities for immigrant students.

4. The Immigrants Rising organization offers a comprehensive online resource guide specifically designed for undocumented students pursuing higher education in California. This guide includes information on funding opportunities, DACA-specific scholarships, and tips for navigating the financial aid process.

5. Many universities in California have specific offices or departments dedicated to supporting undocumented and immigrant students. These offices can provide valuable guidance and resources throughout the financial aid process.

6. In addition to these resources, it may be helpful for immigrant graduate students to connect with other immigrant and/or first-generation college students who have gone through the process of applying for financial aid in California. They can offer personal insights and advice based on their own experiences.

Overall, it is important for immigrant graduate studentsto thoroughly research their options and reach out to relevant resources or support systems when navigating the complex financial aid process in California.

20. What success stories can be shared from current or past recipients of state financial aid as an immigrant graduate student in California?


1. Anu Patel: Anu, originally from India, came to the US for graduate studies in computer science. She received state financial aid through the California Grant Program and was able to complete her degree at a top university. After graduating, Anu landed a high-paying job in Silicon Valley, which she attributes to her quality education made possible by state financial aid.

2. Juan Rodriguez: Juan immigrated to the US from Mexico and faced numerous barriers while completing his undergraduate degree. However, with the help of state financial aid, he was able to pursue a master’s degree in social work at UC Berkeley. Today, Juan is a successful licensed clinical social worker and runs his own private practice providing affordable mental health services for low-income immigrant families in California.

3. Maria Torres: Maria moved to California from El Salvador as a child and grew up in a low-income household. With financial assistance from the Cal Grant program, she was able to attend college and obtain her teaching credential. Maria now works as a bilingual teacher in an underserved community, using her education and experience to empower immigrant students.

4. Ahmed Khan: Originally from Pakistan, Ahmed received state financial aid through the Middle Class Scholarship program during his graduate studies at California State University-Fullerton. He graduated with a master’s degree in international business and today works as a consultant for multinational corporations, helping them navigate cross-cultural business practices.

5. Jessica Nguyen: Jessica arrived in California as a refugee from Vietnam and faced many challenges adjusting to life in a new country. Despite these obstacles, she pursued her dream of becoming a nurse with the help of state financial aid through the Chafee Grant for Former Foster Youth. Jessica is now a registered nurse working at one of the top hospitals in Los Angeles.

6.Javier Gonzalez: Javier came to California from Mexico on temporary work visas before being granted permanent resident status through DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals). With the help of state financial aid, he was able to attend law school at the University of Southern California and is now a practicing immigration attorney, helping other immigrant students like himself achieve their dreams.

7. Maria Hernandez: Maria, who arrived in California from Guatemala as a teenager, struggled with English language barriers while completing her undergraduate degree. She received state financial aid through the DREAM Act and went on to graduate with a master’s degree in public policy from UCLA. Today, she works for an immigration advocacy organization fighting for immigrant rights and access to higher education.

8. Carlos Chavez: Carlos came to California from Mexico with his family when he was eight years old. Despite having undocumented status, he pursued a degree in engineering with the help of state financial aid through the DREAM Loan Program. After graduating, Carlos landed a job at a top tech company and has been able to provide for his family and give back to his community through volunteer work.

9. Sonia Patel: Originally from India, Sonia received monetary assistance through the Middle Class Scholarship program during her graduate studies at Stanford University’s School of Medicine. She graduated with a doctorate in genetics and today works as a researcher studying genetic disorders that disproportionately affect marginalized communities in California.

10. Diego Ramirez: Diego moved to California from Mexico as an unaccompanied minor seeking asylum. With state financial aid, he was able to attend law school at UC Davis and is now working as an immigration lawyer helping other immigrants navigate complex legal systems and secure their rightful place in society.