1. What percentage of the state budget is allocated towards immigrant education initiatives in New York?

It is difficult to determine an exact percentage as it varies depending on the year and specific programs funded by the state budget. However, in recent years, approximately 4% of the education budget has been allocated towards immigrant education initiatives in New York.

2. How does New York ensure equal access to education for undocumented immigrants?

1. Providing public education for all students: Undocumented immigrants have the same right to a free public education as any other student in New York, regardless of their immigration status.

2. Prohibiting discrimination based on immigration status: It is illegal in New York to discriminate against students based on their immigration status, and schools are required to ensure equal treatment and opportunities for all students.

3. In-state tuition for certain undocumented students: New York allows certain undocumented students, such as those who attended high school in the state for at least two years, to pay in-state tuition at public colleges and universities.

4. English Language Learner (ELL) programs: New York offers ELL programs in schools to help non-English speaking students learn the language and participate fully in their education.

5. Bilingual Education: Schools are required to provide bilingual education if there is a significant number of non-English speaking students who speak the same native language.

6. College Access Programs: There are several programs in New York specifically designed to support undocumented immigrant youth in their pursuit of higher education, such as the Dream.US program and CUNY’s DREAM Fellowship.

7. Financial Aid for state colleges and universities: Undocumented immigrants are eligible for financial aid through the Tuition Assistance Program (TAP) if they meet certain residency requirements.

8. Immigrant Affairs Offices: Many schools have offices or staff dedicated to assisting immigrant families and ensuring they have access to resources and information about their rights and opportunities.

9. Immigration Status Confidentiality: Schools are prohibited from asking about a student’s immigration status or disclosing it without consent, ensuring that undocumented students can feel safe attending school without fear of being reported to immigration authorities.

10. Community-based organizations: There are numerous community-based organizations throughout New York that provide support and resources for undocumented immigrants, including educational resources such as tutoring and college application assistance.

3. What state programs or policies are in place to support immigrant students in New York schools?

New York has several state programs and policies in place to support immigrant students in schools. These include:

1. English as a New Language (ENL) Programs: The New York State Education Department provides funding and guidelines for ENL programs, which are designed to help non-native English speakers develop proficiency in the language.

2. Multilingual Learner Identification and Placement: This policy ensures that all immigrant students who speak a language other than English at home are identified and placed in appropriate language instruction programs.

3. Bilingual Education: In addition to ENL programs, New York also offers bilingual education in certain districts where there is a significant population of students who speak the same non-English native language.

4. Dual Language Programs: These programs provide instruction in both English and another language, with the goal of developing students’ proficiency in both languages.

5. Extended Learning Time Grants: These grants provide additional funding to schools with high percentages of English language learners (ELLs), allowing them to offer extra instructional support and services to these students.

6. Migrant Education Program: This program provides educational services and support to migrant children who move frequently due to their parents’ seasonal work.

7. Dream Act & Excelsior Scholarship Program: These initiatives make it possible for undocumented immigrant students and recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) to attend public colleges and universities in New York with eligibility for financial aid.

8. Safe Harbor Protections: Under this policy, local law enforcement agencies are prohibited from reporting any student’s immigration status or cooperating with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) without a warrant or court order.

9. Bias-Based Harassment Reporting Requirements: Schools are required by law to implement procedures for reporting incidents of bias-based harassment targeting any student based on their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation or gender identity.

10. Office of Multicultural Affairs & Equity Provisions: All schools are required by law to establish an Office of Multicultural Affairs and adopt policies prohibiting discrimination based on factors such as race, color, religion, gender identity, disability and national origin. This office is also responsible for providing resources and support for immigrant students and their families.

4. In what ways do language barriers affect funding for immigrant education initiatives in New York?

Language barriers can have a significant impact on funding for immigrant education initiatives in New York in the following ways:

1. Limited access to information: Language barriers can make it difficult for immigrant communities to access information about available funding and resources for education initiatives. They may not be aware of the various grants, scholarships, and programs that are specifically targeted towards them.

2. Difficulty in completing applications: Many grant applications and funding processes require applicants to provide detailed information and documentation. This can be particularly challenging for non-English speakers who may struggle to understand the requirements or fill out the forms correctly.

3. Lack of support services: Immigrants who are not proficient in English may find it hard to navigate the complex process of applying for funding or accessing support services. This could prevent them from seeking financial aid or participation in educational programs.

4. Discrimination: Language barriers can also result in discrimination when it comes to awarding of funds or allocation of resources. Some funding agencies may prioritize English-speaking applicants over non-English speakers, making it harder for immigrants to secure funding for education.

5. Inadequate representation: Non-English speaking immigrant communities may not have proper representation or voice in decision-making processes related to fund allocation for education initiatives. This could lead to an unequal distribution of resources and less investment in supporting their educational needs.

6. Limited eligibility for certain programs: Some funding programs may have specific language requirements that exclude students who are not fluent in English from receiving assistance, thereby limiting their opportunities for education and upward mobility.

7. Overlooked needs: Language barriers can also lead to a lack of understanding of the unique challenges and needs faced by immigrant students, resulting in inadequate funding being allocated towards meeting these needs.

Overall, language barriers create significant hurdles for immigrants seeking funds and resources for education initiatives, making it harder for them to access quality education and hindering their ability to integrate into society and achieve their full potential.

5. How does New York address cultural sensitivity and diversity within its immigrant education programming?

New York addresses cultural sensitivity and diversity within its immigrant education programming through various initiatives and practices, including:

1. Multilingual Education: New York has a robust Multilingual Education Program which provides language support to students whose first language is not English. This program offers multilingual instruction in over 150 languages, ensuring that students maintain their native language while also learning English.

2. Culturally Responsive-Sustaining Education: In 2019, New York City adopted a new approach to education called Culturally-Responsive Sustaining Education (CRSE). This approach takes into account the cultures and experiences of each student and incorporates them into the curriculum, instructional strategies, and school-wide practices and policies.

3. Bilingual Programs: There are various bilingual programs offered in New York schools where students receive instruction in both English and their native language. These programs help students maintain their culture while also learning academic content in English.

4. Support for Immigrant Families: Schools in New York provide resources and support for immigrant families, including translation services, informational workshops on the educational system, and connecting families with community organizations that can assist with social services.

5. Diversity Training for Educators: The New York City Department of Education offers diversity training for educators to learn about best practices for working with diverse student populations.

6. Cultural Celebrations: Schools in New York often hold cultural celebrations to recognize and honor the diversity of their student population. These events include traditional music, dance performances, food tastings, and other activities that celebrate different cultures.

7. Partnerships with Community Organizations: The NYC DOE works closely with community-based organizations to address the needs of immigrant families and provide additional resources such as after-school programs, mentoring opportunities, and mental health services.

Overall, through these initiatives and practices, New York strives to create an inclusive educational environment that celebrates diversity and promotes cultural sensitivity among its immigrant student population.

6. Does New York have any partnerships with local immigration organizations to support education initiatives?

There are several partnerships between the New York City government and local immigration organizations to support education initiatives, including:

1. Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs (MOIA): This office works closely with immigrant communities and organizations to support education initiatives and ensure that immigrant students have access to quality education. MOIA also offers resources and information on navigating the education system for immigrant families.

2. Coalition for Immigrant Students’ Rights (CISR): A coalition of over 50 organizations that advocate for the rights of immigrant students in New York City, CISR works with educators, parents, and students to address issues such as language access, discrimination, and bullying in schools.

3. New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC): NYIC works with a network of over 200 member organizations to promote immigrant rights and ensure that immigrants have access to resources, including education. They offer workshops and assistance to help students navigate the school system.

4. Families for Freedom: This organization provides support and advocacy services for undocumented students who face barriers in accessing education due to their immigration status.

5. Unity Impact: Founded by former NYC Department of Education Chancellor Carmen Fariña, this program aims to increase opportunities for immigrant and English Language Learner (ELL) students by partnering with community-based organizations to offer mentoring programs, internships, and college prep workshops.

6.The Door: Provides comprehensive support services for young immigrants in NYC who are seeking work or educational opportunities. Services include access to free legal advice on immigration issues, academic tutoring, college preparation assistance, job readiness training and private financial aid consultation.

7. Are there any specific grants available for schools in New York that have high numbers of immigrant students?

Yes, there are several grants available for schools in New York with high numbers of immigrant students. These include:

1. The Title III Part A – English Language Acquisition, Language Enhancement, and Academic Achievement Act: This grant supports English language instruction and academic achievement for English language learners.

2. Refugee School Impact Grant Program (RSIG): This grant program provides support to schools with high numbers of refugee students to improve academic performance and provide targeted services.

3. Multilingual Learner Education/Spanish Languages Assistance (MLE/SLA) Program: This program offers grants to schools serving large numbers of English language learners and bilingual students to improve their academic achievement.

4. Comprehensive Unit-Based Funding (CUBF) Grants: These grants provide assistance to districts with large immigrant populations to support the educational needs of these students.

5. The Education for Homeless Children and Youth Program (EHCY): This program provides funding to address the unique challenges faced by homeless students, including immigrant children and youth.

6. Title I – Improving Basic Programs Operated by Local Educational Agencies: Schools with high percentages of low-income and immigrant students may be eligible for funding under this program to improve educational outcomes.

7. Innovative Approaches to Literacy (IAL) Program: This grant supports projects that improve literacy skills for disadvantaged children, including immigrant students.

Additionally, there are private foundation grants and scholarships available specifically for immigrant students in New York, such as the Hispanic Scholarship Fund and the Immigrant Youth Empowerment Fund. Schools may also consider partnering with local organizations that offer resources and support for immigrant families, as they may have funding opportunities or grants available for schools serving this population.

8. Does immigration status impact a student’s eligibility for state-funded educational resources in New York?

In New York State, immigration status does not affect a student’s eligibility for state-funded educational resources. According to the New York State Education Department, all children between the ages of 5 and 21 are entitled to receive a free public education, regardless of their immigration status.

This means that students who are undocumented or have temporary immigration status such as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) are eligible to enroll in public schools and receive the same educational opportunities and services as any other student in New York. This includes access to programs such as English as a Second Language (ESL), Special Education, and Gifted and Talented.

Additionally, under the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act, students who are experiencing homelessness are also entitled to receive educational services and supports from their school district, regardless of their immigration status. This may include transportation to school, free meals, and assistance with school supplies.

It is important for families to know that schools in New York State do not request or collect information about a student’s immigration status during enrollment. Schools also cannot deny enrollment or discriminate against students based on their immigration status.

In summary, all children in New York State have the right to access state-funded educational resources regardless of their immigration status. Schools are committed to ensuring that all students receive an equitable education and support their academic success. If you have any questions about your child’s eligibility for state-funded educational resources, it is best to contact your school district or the New York State Education Department for more information.

9. How does New York ensure accountability and oversight of funds allocated for immigrant education initiatives?

New York has several mechanisms in place to ensure accountability and oversight of funds allocated for immigrant education initiatives, including:

1. Tracking and Reporting: The New York State Education Department (NYSED) requires all schools and districts that receive state funding for immigrant education programs to track and report on how the funds are being used. This includes annual reporting on expenditures, program outcomes, and student progress.

2. Audits: NYSED conducts regular audits to ensure that districts are using funds allocated for immigrant education initiatives in compliance with state regulations and guidelines. These audits also assess whether the programs are meeting their intended goals.

3. Monitoring and Site Visits: NYSED also conducts ongoing monitoring of programs through site visits by staff members or contracted monitors, who observe classrooms, conduct interviews with teachers and students, and review documentation to ensure that funds are being used effectively.

4. Performance Measures: The performance of immigrant education programs is measured through a set of performance indicators established by NYSED. These indicators include measures such as English language proficiency, academic achievement, graduation rates, and post-secondary enrollment.

5. Stakeholder Involvement: NYSED regularly engages with stakeholders such as parents, community organizations, and advocacy groups to gather feedback on how immigrant education funds are being utilized and make necessary adjustments to policies or funding allocations.

6. External Reviews: In addition to internal audits and monitoring, NYSED may also commission external reviews from third-party organizations to provide an independent evaluation of the effectiveness of immigrant education initiatives.

7. Program Evaluation: NYSED conducts periodic evaluations of its various programs for English Language Learners (ELLs), including immigrant education initiatives, to determine their impact on student outcomes and identify areas for improvement.

Through these measures, New York aims to ensure transparency and accountability in the use of funds allocated for immigrant education initiatives while continuously evaluating the effectiveness of these programs in supporting the academic success of ELLs.

10. What evidence-based strategies does New York use to improve academic outcomes for immigrant students?

New York uses a variety of evidence-based strategies to improve academic outcomes for immigrant students. These include:

1) Bilingual and Dual Language Programs: New York City offers bilingual and dual language programs in over 200 languages to support the language development and academic achievement of English Language Learners (ELLs).

2) English as a New Language (ENL) Instruction: ENL instruction is provided by certified teachers to support ELL students in acquiring English language proficiency.

3) Language Support Teams: Schools have designated language support teams to assess the needs of ELL students and provide appropriate strategies and support services.

4) Collaborative Curriculum Planning: Teachers are encouraged to collaborate with colleagues, administrators, and families to design culturally responsive curriculum that meets the diverse needs of immigrant students.

5) Small Learning Communities: New York City has implemented small learning communities in secondary schools to create personalized learning environments for students from various backgrounds, including immigrant students.

6) Parent Engagement Programs: Schools organize workshops, activities, and informational sessions for parents of immigrant students to help them understand the education system and become involved in their child’s education.

7) Professional Development: Teachers receive professional development on culturally responsive teaching practices, working with ELLs, and supporting diverse learners.

8) Specialized Support Services: Specialized groups such as the Division of Multilingual Learners provide additional services for newly arrived immigrant students who may need extra support adjusting to their new environment and educational system.

9) Data-driven Instructional Practices: Schools use data-driven instructional practices such as formative assessments, progress monitoring, and data analysis to identify student needs, set goals, and measure progress among immigrant students.

10) Community Partnerships: Schools partner with community-based organizations that offer academic enrichment programs, tutoring services, cultural activities, mentoring programs, etc., aimed at supporting the academic success of immigrant students.

11. Is additional state funding provided to schools with high concentrations of recently arrived immigrants in New York?

Yes. In New York State, schools with high concentrations of recently arrived immigrants may receive additional state funding under the New York State Education Department’s (NYSED) English Language Learner/Immigrant Children and Youth Programs. This program provides funds to support the education of English language learners and immigrant students in order to help them achieve academic success and meet state standards.

The amount of additional funding provided is determined by factors such as the prevalence of English language learners in the school district, the number of recently arrived immigrants, and the level of poverty in the district. Schools with a larger number of recently arrived immigrants and higher concentrations of poverty may receive more funding.

In addition to this program, NYSED also offers other resources and supports for schools with high numbers of English language learners and immigrant students, such as professional development opportunities for teachers and specialized instructional materials.

12. Are teachers and staff trained on how to meet the unique needs of immigrant students in New York’s schools?

Yes, teachers and staff in New York’s schools are required to undergo cultural competency training, including how to meet the unique needs of immigrant students. This training covers topics such as understanding cultural differences, creating an inclusive classroom environment, and providing appropriate support for English language learners. Additionally, some schools may offer specialized training or resources specific to the needs of immigrant students.

13. How does lack of federal funding impact state efforts towards supporting immigrant education initiatives in New York?

Lack of federal funding can have a significant impact on state efforts towards supporting immigrant education initiatives in New York in several ways:

1. Limited Resources: States rely heavily on federal funding to support their education initiatives, including those aimed at supporting immigrant students. Without sufficient federal funds, states may struggle to provide the necessary resources and services for these students, such as English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, bilingual education programs, and cultural competency training for teachers.

2. Inadequate Services: Lack of federal funding can result in inadequate services for immigrant students, which could negatively impact their academic success. For example, without proper resources, schools may not be able to provide adequate language support or comprehensive counseling services for these students.

3. Reduced Access to Higher Education: Federal funds also play a crucial role in making higher education accessible and affordable for immigrant students through grants and scholarships. Without this financial assistance, many immigrant students may be unable to attend college or pursue post-secondary education.

4. Difficulty Attracting Qualified Teachers: Immigrant students often require specialized instruction and support from educators who are trained in strategies for teaching English language learners and addressing cultural diversity in the classroom. However, without sufficient federal funding to support professional development opportunities for teachers, schools may face challenges attracting and retaining qualified educators.

5. Negative Impact on Local Economies: With a large population of immigrants living in New York State, lack of federal funding can have a ripple effect on the local economy. Immigrants make significant contributions to the state’s economy by starting businesses and filling critical labor gaps. A lack of support for their education could limit their potential economic contributions.

Overall, lack of federal funding can significantly hinder states’ efforts towards providing quality education and support for immigrant students, ultimately hindering their integration into society and reducing their potential contributions to the economy.

14. Does the current political climate affect the availability and allocation of funds for immigrant education initiatives in New York?

Yes, the current political climate can have an impact on the availability and allocation of funds for immigrant education initiatives in New York. With changing immigration policies and increased enforcement action against undocumented immigrants, there may be a greater need for resources to support immigrant communities, including funding for education programs. However, there may also be political barriers to securing adequate funding for these initiatives, such as budget cuts and decreased support from government officials who may prioritize other issues over immigrant education.

In addition, the political climate can also influence public opinion and attitudes towards immigrants and their right to access education. This can make it more difficult to secure funding for these initiatives if there is a negative perception of immigrants or limited support for their integration into society.

Overall, the current political climate can play a significant role in determining the availability and allocation of funds for immigrant education initiatives in New York. It is important for advocates and educators to actively advocate for continued support and resources to ensure that immigrant communities have access to quality education opportunities.

15. In what ways are charter or private schools funded by the state addressing the needs of immigrant students in New York?

Charter and private schools in New York are funded by the state through a mix of public funding and private contributions. These schools are required by law to provide equal opportunities to all students, including immigrant students, and they must adhere to state laws related to anti-discrimination and educational equity.

Some specific ways in which charter and private schools in New York are addressing the needs of immigrant students include:

1. ELL Programs: Many charter and private schools have programs specifically designed for English Language Learners (ELLs), which provide support in developing English language skills while also integrating these students into mainstream classes.

2. Cultural Sensitivity Training: Charter and private schools often provide cultural sensitivity training for their staff to help them better understand the needs of immigrant students and create a welcoming environment for all students.

3. Bilingual Education: Some charter and private schools offer bilingual education programs, where instruction is provided in both English and the student’s native language. This can help newly arrived immigrant students continue learning while they are still developing their English language skills.

4. Multilingual Staff: Schools may employ multilingual staff members who can communicate with families who do not speak English, as well as serve as language liaisons between the school and the community.

5. Community Partnerships: Many charter and private schools partner with local community organizations that provide services specifically tailored to immigrant communities, such as language classes or after-school tutoring programs.

6. Individualized Student Support: Charter and private schools often have lower teacher-student ratios, allowing educators more time to work one-on-one with students who may need extra support due to language barriers or other challenges faced by immigrant students.

7. Financial Aid: Some charter schools offer financial aid options or scholarships to support families who may struggle with paying tuition fees due to financial limitations.

Overall, charter and private schools in New York are working towards creating inclusive environments that cater to the needs of all their students, including those from immigrant backgrounds.

16. How does equitable distribution of funds across different regions within the state impact immigrant students’ access to quality education?

Equitable distribution of funds across different regions within the state can have a significant impact on immigrant students’ access to quality education. Immigrant students often come from low-income families and may face additional barriers to educational opportunities due to language barriers, lack of resources, and cultural differences. Hence, they are more likely to attend schools in low-income and under-resourced communities.

If funds are not distributed equitably across all regions within the state, then immigrant students attending schools in these low-income areas may not receive the same quality education as their peers in wealthier regions. This can create a disparity in educational opportunities and outcomes between different regions, further perpetuating inequities for immigrant students.

Equitable distribution of funds can ensure that resources such as well-equipped classrooms, technology, textbooks, qualified teachers, and support staff are available in all regions within the state. This can provide immigrant students with equal access to high-quality education regardless of where they live.

Furthermore, equitable distribution of funds can also support programs and services specifically designed to meet the needs of immigrant students such as English language learners (ELLs) programs and cultural sensitivity training for educators. These investments can help bridge the achievement gap for immigrant students by providing them with necessary resources and support to succeed academically.

In summary, equitable distribution of funds across different regions within the state is crucial for ensuring that immigrant students have equal access to quality education. It can also promote a more inclusive and equitable educational system where all students have an equal opportunity to thrive academically.

17. Is there any data tracking on the effectiveness and impact of state-funded immigrant education programs in improving student outcomes?

Yes, there are data tracking systems in place to monitor the effectiveness and impact of state-funded immigrant education programs. These may include standardized tests, graduation rates, English language proficiency assessments, and other measures that track student progress and outcomes over time. Additionally, states may conduct program evaluations or commission external studies to assess the overall impact of their immigrant education programs on student outcomes.

18. Are there any legislative efforts being made at the state level to increase funding for immigrant education initiatives in New York?

Yes, there are several legislative efforts being made at the state level in New York to increase funding for immigrant education initiatives. These include:

1. The Education Opportunity and Investment Act: This act, proposed in 2019, aims to provide an additional $800 million in funding for public schools in New York, with a significant portion of this funding specifically allocated to support English Language Learners (ELLs) and immigrant students.

2. The DREAM Act: This act, passed in January 2019, allows undocumented immigrant students in New York to apply for state financial aid for higher education.

3. The Re-Entry Education Act: This act, introduced in 2020, seeks to expand access to education and training programs for individuals who were formerly incarcerated or are currently on parole.

4. The NY DREAM Fund Commission: This commission, established in 2015, provides scholarships to undocumented immigrants and other students who are excluded from federal aid due to their immigration status.

5. The Liberty Defense Project: This program, launched by Governor Andrew Cuomo in 2017, provides support and resources to immigrant communities across the state, including educational opportunities for immigrants.

Overall, there is a push at the state level in New York to increase funding and support for immigrant education initiatives through legislation and programs that address various barriers faced by immigrant youth and families.

19.In what ways does New York collaborate with neighboring states to address immigration and education issues affecting immigrant students?

New York collaborates with neighboring states in several ways to address immigration and education issues affecting immigrant students:

1. Exchange of Information: New York shares information and data about immigrant student population and their needs with neighboring states. This helps in understanding the challenges faced by these students and identifying areas where collaboration is needed.

2. Policy Coordination: The state works closely with neighboring states to coordinate policies related to immigration and education, particularly those that affect immigrant students. This ensures consistency and effectiveness in addressing these issues.

3. Regional Meetings & Conferences: New York regularly participates in regional meetings and conferences with neighboring states to discuss common challenges, share successful strategies, and identify opportunities for collaboration.

4. Cross-State Professional Development: The state conducts joint professional development sessions for educators, administrators, and policymakers from multiple states to promote understanding of the unique needs of immigrant students and how best to support them.

5. Joint Advocacy Efforts: New York partners with neighboring states in advocating for federal legislation that impacts immigrant students’ access to education. This includes issues such as school funding, English language learning programs, and immigration policies.

6. Sharing Best Practices: New York collaborates with other states to identify exemplary programs or initiatives aimed at supporting immigrant students’ academic success. These best practices are then shared among partner states for potential implementation.

7. Multilingual Resources: The state shares multilingual resources developed by neighboring states or organizations working on similar issues to support schools’ efforts in providing high-quality education to immigrant students.

8.Joint Research Initiatives: New York participates in joint research initiatives with other states to better understand the educational needs of immigrant students and inform policy development.

Overall, collaboration between New York and its neighboring states allows for a more comprehensive approach towards addressing immigration and education issues affecting immigrant students while fostering an inclusive educational environment that benefits all students regardless of their background or status.

20. How has the state budget for immigrant education initiatives in New York evolved over the past decade, and what future developments can be expected?

The state budget for immigrant education initiatives in New York has seen significant changes over the past decade. In 2010, New York provided only $1.6 million in funding for immigrant education programs. However, there has been a steady increase in funding since then.

In 2018, Governor Andrew Cuomo allocated $40 million for the “Immigrant Opportunity Initiative” which provides funding for adult literacy education, job training and placement, and legal assistance to immigrants. This was a significant increase from previous years.

In addition, the 2019-2020 State Budget included an additional $10 million in funding for the Liberty Defense Project, which provides legal services to immigrants facing deportation.

Furthermore, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Governor Cuomo allocated an additional $1 million in emergency funding to support immigrant communities through the “New York State COVID-19 Immigrant Emergency Relief Program.”

Looking forward, it is expected that there will be continued efforts to provide increased funding and support for immigrant education initiatives in New York. With a new administration at the federal level and a greater emphasis on supporting marginalized populations, it is possible that there could be even more significant increases in state funding for immigrant education programs. Moreover, with ongoing immigration policy changes and challenges faced by immigrant communities, it is likely that there will be continued efforts to support these populations through education initiatives at the state level.