Role of State Policies in Addressing Financial Challenges Faced by DACA Recipients in Kansas

1. How have state policies in Kansas addressed the financial challenges faced by DACA recipients?


There are a few state policies in Kansas that have addressed the financial challenges faced by DACA recipients. These include:

1. In-state tuition rates for Dreamers: In 2015, Kansas became one of 20 states to offer in-state tuition rates to undocumented students, including DACA recipients who meet certain criteria such as attending a Kansas high school for at least three years and graduating from that school or earning a GED in Kansas.

2. State-level scholarship opportunities: Several nonprofit organizations and private donors in Kansas have set up scholarship programs specifically for Dreamers and other undocumented students who do not qualify for federal financial aid. This includes the Kansas City Scholars program, which provides full-tuition scholarships to qualifying students regardless of immigration status.

3. Private loans and funding sources: DACA recipients may also be eligible for private loans, grants, and other forms of financial assistance from banks, credit unions, and other institutions outside of traditional government-funded aid programs.

4. Access to healthcare benefits: Under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), DACA recipients are eligible to enroll in marketplace health insurance plans if they meet certain income requirements. Additionally, some local clinics and healthcare providers may offer discounted or free services for low-income individuals regardless of immigration status.

5. Employment opportunities: While DACA recipients are not eligible for federal work-study programs or federal jobs, they can still apply for other types of employment through their DACA work authorization. Some states, including California and Virginia, allow Dreamers to apply for professional licenses such as teaching credentials or nursing licenses.

Overall, while state policies in Kansas may not fully address all financial challenges faced by DACA recipients, there are efforts being made to provide access to higher education, healthcare benefits, and employment opportunities for these individuals.

2. What steps is Kansas taking to support income stability for DACA recipients?


As of September 2021, Kansas is taking the following steps to support income stability for DACA recipients:

1. Providing work permits: The State of Kansas allows DACA recipients to obtain work permits, allowing them to legally work and earn income in the state.

2. Offering state-funded financial assistance: DACA recipients are eligible for state-funded financial assistance programs such as food stamps, Medicaid, and certain other forms of aid.

3. Supporting higher education opportunities: DACA recipients are eligible for in-state tuition at public colleges and universities in Kansas.

4. Promoting employment opportunities: The state government has partnered with local community organizations to connect DACA beneficiaries with job opportunities and vocational training programs.

5. Protecting against employment discrimination: Kansas law prohibits employers from discriminating against employees based on their immigration status. This protection extends to DACA recipients who have valid work authorization.

6. Establishing legal services: The State of Kansas funds a program that provides free or low-cost legal assistance to immigrants, including DACA recipients, who are seeking legal status in the United States.

7. Educating the public about DACA: The governor of Kansas has publicly stated support for DACA and has advocated for congressional action to protect Dreamers in the long term.

8. Advocating for permanent legislative solutions: The State of Kansas has joined other states in submitting an amicus brief to the Supreme Court urging it to uphold the legality of DACA and protect its beneficiaries from deportation.

9. Providing mental health services: Some local organizations offer mental health resources specifically tailored for immigrants, including those affected by changes in their legal status.

3. How has Kansas implemented programs to assist with higher education costs for DACA recipients?


Kansas offers several programs that can assist with higher education costs for DACA recipients.

1) In-state tuition: DACA recipients in Kansas are eligible for in-state tuition at all public colleges and universities, as long as they meet certain requirements such as attending a Kansas high school for at least three years and graduating from a Kansas high school or obtaining a GED within the state. This significantly reduces the cost of tuition for DACA students compared to out-of-state rates.

2) State financial aid: In 2015, Kansas passed a law that allows DACA recipients to be eligible for state financial aid if they meet certain criteria, including attending a Kansas high school for at least three years and graduating with a Kansas high school diploma or equivalent. This means that DACA recipients can apply for state-funded scholarships and grants to help cover their higher education expenses.

3) Institutional scholarships: Many colleges and universities in Kansas offer institutional scholarships specifically for DACA students. These scholarships may cover tuition, fees, and other educational expenses.

4) Private scholarships: DACA students in Kansas are also eligible to apply for privately funded scholarships, which can help cover the cost of higher education. Some examples include the Hispanic Development Fund’s scholarship program and the Mid-America Association of Educational Opportunity Program Personnel (MAEOPP) Scholarship Fund.

5) Work-study programs: Some colleges and universities in Kansas offer work-study programs for students who demonstrate financial need. These programs provide part-time employment opportunities on campus that can help cover educational expenses.

Overall, there are many resources available in Kansas to help DACA recipients afford higher education costs. It is important for DACA students to research their options and apply for any applicable programs or scholarships to make their dream of higher education attainable.

4. What role do state employment policies play in addressing financial struggles of DACA recipients in Kansas?


State employment policies can play a crucial role in addressing the financial struggles of DACA recipients in Kansas. These policies can provide avenues for these individuals to obtain employment, access benefits and resources, and ultimately improve their financial stability.

Specifically, state governments can play a role in ensuring that DACA recipients are eligible for state-funded financial aid and scholarships. This would assist them in pursuing higher education and securing better-paying jobs, which would ultimately enhance their financial well-being.

Furthermore, states can also create robust workforce development programs targeted toward helping DACA recipients find employment. Many DACA recipients face barriers to employment due to their immigration status, lack of work authorization, or limited educational opportunities. State workforce initiatives specifically targeted towards this group could help address these challenges and assist DACA recipients in securing stable and well-paying jobs.

Moreover, states can also implement anti-discrimination policies that provide protection for DACA recipients from workplace discrimination based on their immigration status. This would ensure that DACA recipients are treated fairly and have equal access to job opportunities and career advancement.

Additionally, state governments can collaborate with community organizations and non-profits to offer financial literacy programs specifically designed for DACA recipients. These programs could include workshops on budgeting, saving strategies, credit management, and other financial skills necessary for achieving financial stability.

Lastly, state governments could advocate for federal legislative solutions that provide a pathway to citizenship or legal permanent residency for DACA recipients. This would greatly alleviate the financial struggles faced by these individuals as they would no longer be living in a constant state of uncertainty about their future in the United States.

In conclusion, state employment policies play a crucial role in addressing the financial struggles of DACA recipients in Kansas. By providing access to education opportunities, workforce development initiatives, anti-discrimination protections, financial literacy programs and advocating for legislative solutions at the federal level – states can greatly improve the economic prospects of this vulnerable population within their communities.

5. Are there state-sponsored initiatives in place to help DACA recipients access affordable housing in Kansas?

The state of Kansas does not have any specific state-sponsored initiatives in place to help DACA recipients access affordable housing. However, there are several federal programs and resources available that they may be eligible for.

1. Housing Choice Voucher Program: This program provides rental assistance to low-income individuals and families, including DACA recipients. Eligibility is based on income and household size, and the local Public Housing Agency (PHA) is responsible for administering the program.

2. Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Program (LIHTC): This program offers tax credits to developers who build affordable housing units. These units are typically offered at below-market rent rates and may be available to DACA recipients.

3. USDA Rural Development Programs: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers several programs to help low-income individuals and families in rural areas access safe, decent, and affordable housing. This includes rental assistance, loans for home repairs or purchase, and grants for new construction or rehabilitation of affordable housing.

4. Non-Profit Organizations: There are also non-profit organizations in Kansas that provide affordable housing options for low-income individuals and families, regardless of immigration status. Some examples include Habitat for Humanity, Catholic Charities of Northeast Kansas, and Kansas Interfaith Action.

5. Local Resources: Depending on the city or county where a DACA recipient resides, there may also be local resources available such as community development agencies or affordable housing initiatives run by the local government or private organizations.

It is recommended that DACA recipients research these potential resources in their specific area and reach out to them directly for information on eligibility requirements and application processes.

6. Have there been any tax benefits or incentives offered to businesses in Kansas that hire DACA recipients?


As of September 2021, there are no specific tax benefits or incentives offered by the state of Kansas for businesses that hire DACA recipients. However, some employers may be eligible for federal tax credits through the Work Opportunity Tax Credit program for hiring individuals from targeted groups, including DACA recipients. Additionally, some local governments in Kansas have offered various incentives and assistance programs to encourage businesses to hire individuals from underrepresented groups, which could potentially include DACA recipients.

7. What measures has Kansas taken to ensure access to healthcare for undocumented youth, including DACA recipients?


Kansas has taken several measures to ensure access to healthcare for undocumented youth, including DACA recipients. These measures include:

1. Allowing undocumented individuals and DACA recipients to apply for state-funded healthcare programs: Kansas allows undocumented individuals and DACA recipients to apply for state-funded healthcare programs such as KanCare, which is the state’s Medicaid program, and HealthWave, which provides health coverage for children in low-income families.

2. Providing access to emergency services: Under federal law, all hospitals that receive Medicare or Medicaid funding are required to provide emergency medical services regardless of an individual’s immigration status. This means that hospitals in Kansas are required to provide emergency care for undocumented youth and DACA recipients.

3. Expanding community health centers: The Kansas Department of Health started a project called Access MVP (Medicaid Expansion) in 2018, which aims to expand community health centers in underserved areas of the state. This includes areas with high populations of immigrant communities, making healthcare services more accessible to undocumented youth and DACA recipients.

4. Creating partnerships with community organizations: The state government has also partnered with community organizations such as the Kansas Association for the Medically Underserved (KAMU) and local clinics to raise awareness about available healthcare programs and services for all individuals regardless of their immigration status.

5. Supporting mental health services: The Kansas Children’s Cabinet & Trust Fund has funded various mental health programs specifically targeted towards immigrant communities in order to address barriers they may face in accessing these types of services.

6. Providing language assistance: In compliance with federal law, Kansas requires all public health entities receiving federal funding or providing federally regulated programs or activities to offer language assistance services, including interpretation and translation services, free of charge.

7. Conducting outreach efforts: The state government regularly conducts outreach efforts through various media outlets and partners with organizations that serve immigrant communities to educate them about the available healthcare options for undocumented youth and DACA recipients.

Overall, Kansas is committed to ensuring that undocumented youth and DACA recipients have access to essential healthcare services in the state. However, there is still room for improvement and advocacy efforts continue to ensure equitable access for all individuals, regardless of immigration status.

8. Has there been any partnership between state agencies and local organizations to provide financial assistance specifically tailored for DACA recipients in Kansas?


There does not appear to be any specific partnership between state agencies and local organizations to provide financial assistance tailored for DACA recipients in Kansas. However, there are some resources and organizations that offer financial assistance and support to undocumented students, which may include DACA recipients.

The following are some organizations and resources that offer financial assistance and support for undocumented students in Kansas:

– Kansas Undocumented Youth Alliance (KUYA): This organization provides scholarships and emergency funds for undocumented students in Kansas.
– El Centro of Topeka: This organization offers a Dreamers Support Network program which offers scholarships, resource referrals, and mentorship for undocumented students in the Topeka area.
– University of Kansas Dream Student Center: This center provides resources and support for undocumented students at the University of Kansas, including scholarship opportunities.
– Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) – Information for Community Organizations: This resource from the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services provides information for community organizations on how they can assist DACA recipients with accessing financial aid, scholarships, and other forms of support.
– Scholarships A-Z: This is a non-profit organization that provides scholarships, education opportunities, and legal support to undocumented youth in Arizona. They also have a list of additional scholarship resources for undocumented students nationwide.
– TheDream.US: This organization offers scholarships to help immigrant youth who are either DACA recipients or eligible but unable to apply due to the policy changes. Although their national leader partner institutions are based mainly on the East coast, they have partnered with Washburn University in Topeka, KS.

9. How has the economic impact of DACA-recipients been addressed by state-level policies and actions in Kansas?


Kansas is one of the few states that does not have any specific state-level policies or actions regarding DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) recipients. However, there have been efforts to address the economic impact of DACA recipients through various means.

1. In-state tuition for DACA recipients: In 2018, the Kansas Board of Regents approved a policy that allows eligible DACA recipients to pay in-state tuition at public universities and institutions in Kansas. This makes higher education more accessible and affordable for these individuals, potentially leading to higher incomes and economic contributions.

2. Professional licenses for DACA recipients: In 2019, Governor Laura Kelly signed a bill that allows eligible DACA recipients to obtain professional licenses in certain occupations, including nursing, engineering, and teaching. This enables them to pursue higher-paying jobs and contribute more to the state’s economy.

3. Financial assistance programs: Various private organizations and foundations in Kansas have established scholarship programs specifically for DACA recipients. These funds can be used towards educational expenses, providing support for their pursuit of higher education.

4. Advocacy from business leaders: Many business leaders in Kansas have publicly supported allowing DACA recipients to stay in the country and work legally. They recognize the valuable contributions these individuals make to their workforce and the local economy.

5. Creation of Dreamer Advisory Councils: In 2018, Governor Jeff Colyer created a council specifically focused on addressing issues facing Dreamers (including DACA recipients) in Kansas. The council is made up of leaders from various industries who will advise the governor on policies and programs that can help support this population.

Overall, while there are no specific state-level policies aimed at addressing the economic impact of DACA-recipients in Kansas, there have been efforts made by various stakeholders to support their education and employment opportunities. These actions recognize the important role that these individuals play in contributing to the state’s economy and seek to empower them with resources that can help them succeed.

10. In what ways has the state government worked with financial institutions to create opportunities for credit and loan options for DACA recipients in Kansas?


Unfortunately, the state government of Kansas has not taken any specific actions or initiatives to work with financial institutions in creating opportunities for credit and loan options for DACA recipients. This is largely due to the fact that DACA recipients are not eligible for federal student loans, housing loans, or other government-backed credit options. As a result, most financial institutions consider DACA recipients as high-risk borrowers and are unwilling to offer them credit or loans.

However, there are a few steps that the state government could take to assist DACA recipients in accessing credit and loan options:

1. Advocate for legislative changes at the federal level: The state government of Kansas can advocate for legislative changes at the federal level that would make DACA recipients eligible for federal loans and financial aid. This would greatly increase their access to credit and loan options.

2. Partner with community organizations: The state government could partner with community organizations, such as immigrant advocacy groups or non-profit housing organizations, that offer low-interest loans or alternative credit options specifically targeted towards undocumented immigrants and DACA recipients.

3. Create a state-level loan fund: The state government could also consider creating a state-level loan fund specifically for DACA recipients. This fund could be used to provide small business loans, educational loans, or housing loans to qualified DACA recipients.

4. Provide education and resources: The state government can work with banks and credit unions to provide education and resources on how they can serve undocumented immigrants, including DACA recipients. This could include guidelines on lending practices and training on how to identify eligible borrowers among the immigrant community.

Overall, it is important for the state government of Kansas to recognize the economic contributions of DACA recipients and take steps towards creating opportunities for them to access credit and loan options.

11. Have there been specific grants or scholarships created by the state government of Kansas exclusively for DACA students?


Yes, there have been specific grants and scholarships created by the state government of Kansas exclusively for DACA students. These include the Kansas Ethnic Minority Scholarship, the Kansas Comprehensive Grant, and the Technical Education Student Grant. Additionally, some universities in Kansas offer institutional aid specifically for DACA students, such as the University of Kansas’ Ad Astra Scholarship and Wichita State University’s ConnectScholars program.

12. What role does the affordability of public colleges and universities play in addressing financial challenges faced by DACA recipients in Kansas?


The affordability of public colleges and universities plays a crucial role in addressing the financial challenges faced by DACA recipients in Kansas. Many DACA recipients come from low-income families and may not have the financial means to attend college without significant financial aid or scholarships. Public colleges and universities often offer more affordable tuition rates for in-state students, making them a more accessible option for DACA recipients.

Additionally, public colleges and universities may also offer need-based financial aid, such as grants, scholarships, and work-study programs. These forms of financial aid can help cover the cost of tuition and living expenses for DACA recipients who do not qualify for federal student aid.

Therefore, making public colleges and universities more affordable through lower tuition rates and robust financial aid options can greatly alleviate the financial challenges faced by DACA recipients in Kansas. This would allow them to pursue higher education opportunities and ultimately contribute to the workforce and economy in the state. Additionally, it would also provide a pathway for these individuals to improve their economic circumstances and increase their earning potential over time.

13. Have there been any efforts made at the state level to offer vocational training or skill-building programs specifically for young undocumented individuals, including those covered under DACA, residing within Kansas?


There have been some efforts at the state level to provide vocational training and skill-building programs for young undocumented individuals living in Kansas, including those covered under DACA.

In 2015, Kansas passed legislation that allowed DACA recipients to qualify for in-state tuition rates at public colleges and universities in the state. This makes higher education more accessible and affordable for these individuals, which can lead to better job prospects and training opportunities.

Additionally, organizations such as the Hispanic Development Fund and El Centro offer resources and support for DACA recipients, including scholarships and mentoring programs that can help them gain skills and find employment opportunities.

However, there is currently no specific state-funded program aimed solely at providing vocational training or skill-building for young undocumented individuals. Some community colleges may offer courses or programs that are open to undocumented students, but they may not be specifically tailored to their needs.

14. How have state-level regulations on minimum wage affected the income stability of employed DACA-recipients living in Kansas?


As an AI, I do not have access to up-to-date data or the ability to conduct interviews. However, I can provide some general information on how state-level regulations on minimum wage may have impacted the income stability of employed DACA-recipients in Kansas.

Firstly, it is important to note that DACA-recipients are generally able to legally work in the United States and are subject to federal laws and labor protections. This means that they are entitled to receive at least the federal minimum wage, which is currently set at $7.25 per hour.

However, certain states may have their own higher minimum wage laws in place. As of July 2021, Kansas does not have a state-specific minimum wage law and follows the federal minimum wage rate of $7.25 per hour. This means that employed DACA-recipients living in Kansas would receive a minimum hourly wage of $7.25 regardless of their occupation or industry.

The impact of this on income stability for DACA-recipients in Kansas could vary depending on individual circumstances such as job type, hours worked, and employer policies. On one hand, those working full-time jobs at or above the current federal minimum wage may experience a certain level of income stability compared to those who earn lower wages or work part-time.

On the other hand, without a state-specific minimum wage law in place, employed DACA-recipients may face challenges in achieving higher wages and financial stability overall. Additionally, fluctuations in employment rates and job opportunities within the state may also impact their income stability.

Overall, while state-level regulations on minimum wage may offer some level of protection for employed DACA-recipients living in states with higher minimum wages than the federal standard, it is important to consider all factors that may affect their financial stability including job type, hours worked, and employment opportunities within the given state.

15. Have there been any advocacy efforts towards creating a pathway to citizenship for financially struggling immigrant youth, such as those protected under Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), living in Kansas?


Yes, there have been several advocacy efforts towards creating a pathway to citizenship for financially struggling immigrant youth in Kansas. In 2012, the DREAM Act Alliance and its partner organizations launched the “Let’s Get Empowered” campaign in Kansas, which aimed to raise awareness about the struggles faced by undocumented youth and to pressure lawmakers to support policies that protect them. This included advocating for comprehensive immigration reform that would create a path to citizenship for DACA recipients.

In 2013, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Kansas filed a lawsuit challenging a policy implemented by Governor Sam Brownback that denied driver’s licenses to DACA recipients. The ACLU argued that this policy was unconstitutional and unfairly targeted young immigrants who were working, paying taxes, and contributing to their communities. The lawsuit was settled in 2015 with a change in policy allowing DACA recipients to obtain driver’s licenses.

In addition, various immigrant advocacy organizations in Kansas have actively lobbied lawmakers and organized rallies and protests calling for immigration reform and a pathway to citizenship for DACA recipients. These efforts continue today as many undocumented youth still face uncertainty about their future due to changes in immigration policies at the federal level.

16. What partnerships exist between local businesses and state welfare agencies to address the financial hardships faced by DACA recipients in Kansas?


There are several partnerships in Kansas between local businesses and state welfare agencies specifically targeting the financial hardships faced by DACA recipients. These include:

1. The Kansas Coalition for Immigration and Refugee Rights (KCIRR) – This organization works with local businesses to provide resources and support services to DACA recipients, including financial assistance programs.

2. Kansas City Mexican Consulate – The consulate has partnered with local businesses to establish the “Ventanilla de Asesoría Financiera” program, which provides financial education and assistance to DACA recipients and other immigrants.

3. United We Dream – This national organization has partners in Kansas that offer scholarships, job opportunities, and financial assistance to DACA recipients.

4. Catholic Social Service of Southwest Kansas – This organization has partnered with local employers to provide job training, placement, and financial assistance to DACA recipients in their community.

5. Western Union Foundation – The foundation has contributed funds to support rent and utility assistance programs for DACA recipients through organizations like Hola Vida Center in Wichita.

6. University of Kansas Law School’s Immigration Clinic – The clinic works with community partners to provide legal aid and support services, including emergency financial assistance, to DACA recipients.

7. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Greater Kansas City – The chamber offers mentorship, networking opportunities, business development resources, and scholarships to help DACA recipients succeed in the workforce.

Overall, these partnerships serve as crucial networks of support for DACA recipients in Kansas who are facing financial difficulties due to their immigration status.

17. How has Kansas addressed the rising costs of healthcare for DACA recipients living within its borders?

Kansas has not taken any specific action to address the rising costs of healthcare for DACA recipients living within its borders. However, the state does have programs in place to provide affordable healthcare options for all low-income individuals, regardless of immigration status. These programs include Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Additionally, community health centers and free clinics may offer discounted or free services for those in need. Some local organizations and non-profits may also offer assistance with navigating the healthcare system and finding affordable options.

18. Have there been any state-led initiatives towards reducing application fees or providing resources for DACA renewal applications in Kansas?

There do not appear to be any state-led initiatives specifically aimed at reducing application fees or providing resources for DACA renewal applications in Kansas. However, according to the Kansas Hispanic and Latino American Affairs Commission, the state has partnered with various organizations and agencies to provide informational sessions and legal assistance clinics for DACA recipients. In addition, advocacy groups such as El Centro Inc. in Kansas City have offered fee assistance and funding for DACA renewals in the past.

19. What role do state-funded social service programs play in supporting DACA recipients who are struggling financially in Kansas?


State-funded social service programs can play a critical role in supporting DACA recipients who are struggling financially in Kansas. These programs can provide vital resources such as food assistance, housing assistance, healthcare coverage, and educational opportunities to help DACA recipients meet their basic needs and improve their overall well-being. They can also offer legal services and other forms of support to help DACA recipients navigate the complex immigration system and maintain their legal status. Additionally, these programs can provide information and referrals to other community resources that may be able to assist DACA recipients with specific needs or challenges they may be facing. These services can make a significant difference in the lives of DACA recipients by providing them with stability and support during difficult times, helping them continue their education or work, and ultimately contributing to their overall success.

20. In what ways has the state government worked with community organizations to create financial literacy programs specifically tailored for undocumented individuals, including those covered under DACA, residing within Kansas?


There are several ways that the state government has worked with community organizations to create financial literacy programs for undocumented individuals in Kansas, including those covered under DACA:

1. Partnering with community organizations: The state government has partnered with several community organizations, such as churches, non-profits, and advocacy groups, to provide financial literacy training and resources for undocumented individuals. These partnerships help ensure that the programs are tailored to the specific needs and challenges of this population.

2. Providing funding for financial literacy programs: The state government has allocated funds to support financial literacy programs for underserved communities, including undocumented individuals. This funding helps community organizations develop and implement effective programs that address the unique financial challenges faced by undocumented individuals.

3. Collaborating with educational institutions: The state government has collaborated with educational institutions, such as colleges and universities, to offer financial education workshops and courses specifically targeted towards the immigrant community, including those covered under DACA. These courses cover various topics such as basic budgeting, banking and credit management, and understanding taxes.

4. Hosting information sessions: The state government has hosted information sessions in partnership with community organizations to educate undocumented individuals about financial management and empower them to make informed decisions about their finances.

5. Translating materials into multiple languages: To better serve the diverse immigrant population in Kansas, the state government has translated financial education materials into multiple languages commonly spoken by undocumented individuals in the state. This ensures that all individuals have access to important financial information regardless of their language proficiency.

6. Offering one-on-one counseling: Community organizations funded by the state government provide one-on-one counseling services for undocumented individuals to assist them in creating personalized financial plans based on their individual circumstances.

7. Supporting entrepreneurship programs: To help undocumented individuals start their own businesses and become financially self-sufficient, the state government has supported entrepreneurship programs through grants and partnerships with business incubators and workshops.

Overall, these efforts demonstrate a commitment from the state government to support the financial well-being of undocumented individuals, including those covered under DACA, in Kansas. By working with community organizations and providing tailored programs, the state is taking steps to improve financial literacy and promote economic stability for this population.